In this episode, you will learn:

•       The difference between substance addiction and behavioural addiction

•       Why addiction is a compulsion — not a choice or moral failure

•       The behavioural, emotional, cognitive, and physical signs to look out for

•       Why high-performing professionals are particularly at risk — and why they hide it

•       How social normalisation (alcohol culture, prescription medication) makes addiction harder to spot

•       What UK law says: Equality Act 2010, Health & Safety at Work Act, Employment Rights Act

•       What organisations can do — from psychological safety to manager capability to HR policy

•       Why the first conversation should never be a formal HR meeting

Whether you are an HR professional, a manager, an organisational leader, or someone who wants to better understand addiction — this episode will shift how you see it.

About Karen Mills:

Karen Mills is a Business Psychologist, Senior Manager for Adult Care, Director of Business and Strategy for Psychology Business Incubator (PBI), author, and PhD student researching addiction. https://www.linkedin.com/in/karen-mills-fmbpss-certbp-1b1a59158/

Resources

HSE support for drug and alcohol at work

Managing drug and alcohol misuse at work - Overview - HSE

NHS search for your nearest services in England

Find alcohol addiction support services - NHS

AA website- Alcohol support networks

alcoholics-anonymous.org.uk

CGL- various services including drugs, alcohol and smoking

Change Grow Live | Charity | We can help you change your life

With You- Drug and alcohol services

Drug and Alcohol Support | WithYou

About PsychChat:

PsychChat is hosted by Dr Austin Tay, Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) with over 30 years of international experience in organisational psychology. Each episode bridges academic research and real-world practice to help you understand the psychology behind the workplace.

#WorkplaceWellness #Loneliness #MentalHealth #OrganizationalPsychology #HKPsychology #SelfCare

References

Lam, H., Giessner, S. R., Shemla, M., & Werner, M. D. (2024). Leader and leadership loneliness: A review-based critique and path to future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 35(3), 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2024.101780

Troisi, J. D., & Gabriel, S. (2011). Chicken soup really is good for the soul: “Comfort food” fulfills the need to belong. Psychological Science, 22(6), 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611407931

Ever found yourself staring at your screen on a Wednesday afternoon wondering, "Why does this organisation even exist? What am I actually doing here that matters?" You're not alone. In this episode, Dr Austin Tay dives deep into the crisis of meaning at work, unpacking two groundbreaking research papers that finally explain what's missing when work feels meaningless—and more importantly, what makes organisations genuinely matter.

Learn the five-characteristic framework that helps you distinguish between organisations with a genuine purpose and those just performing it. By the end of this episode, you'll know exactly how to audit your workplace, assess your alignment, and decide your next steps.

What You'll Learn

🎯 The Purpose Crisis: Why trust in businesses is at historic lows and more people than ever are asking if their work actually matters

🎯 The VUCA/BANI World: How volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity have shattered the old "profit-only" playbook

🎯 The Golden Thread: The three elements that help people genuinely thrive at work (spoiler: it's not just about the salary)

🎯 Five Characteristics Framework: The diagnostic tool for determining if your organisation's purpose is genuine or just window dressing

• Reason to exist
• Guiding force
• Collective endeavour
• Inspiration
• Pursuit of a better world

🎯 Purpose-Person Misalignment: Why even good organisations can make you miserable if your purposes don't align

🎯 The Purpose Paradox: Why meaningful work can lead to burnout—and how to avoid that trap

Key Takeaways

✅ Your frustration with meaningless work isn't a personal failing—it's actually a sign of something healthy

✅ Real purpose isn't decoration on the wall—it should guide actual decisions, especially when purpose conflicts with profit

✅ Genuine purpose is co-created, not handed down from leadership retreats

✅ You can have an organisation with a real purpose that still isn't YOUR purpose—and that's okay

✅ Even when you find perfect alignment, watch for the purpose paradox: sustainable impact matters more than burning yourself out

Who This Episode Is For

• Anyone feeling disconnected from their work
• Leaders trying to build genuinely purpose-driven organisations
• People considering career transitions
• HR professionals working on culture and engagement
• Consultants and coaches supporting organisational development

Featured Research

Floris, M., Casulli, L., & Ferrari, L. (2023). Editorial: Searching for meaning in work and life: Happiness, wellbeing and the future of organizations. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1287404.

van Ingen, R., Peters, P., De Ruiter, M., & Robben, H. (2021). Exploring the meaning of organizational purpose at a new dawn: The development of a conceptual model through expert interviews. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 675543.

Quotable Moments

💬 "The question isn't whether purpose matters—research makes it clear that it does. The real question is whether your organisation's purpose is genuine and if it aligns with yours."

💬 "Real purpose isn't decoration hanging on the wall. It shapes resource allocation, strategic priorities, hiring decisions, and how conflicts get resolved."

💬 "When there's a direct conflict between purpose and profit, what wins? If profit always wins, your purpose statement is just window dressing."

💬 "Real purpose should make you want to get up in the morning. It gives you energy rather than draining it."

Questions for Reflection

After listening to this episode, ask yourself:

1. If my organisation disappeared tomorrow, what would the world actually lose?
2. When purpose conflicts with profit in my organisation, which one actually wins?
3. Was I part of creating our organisation's purpose, or was it handed down to me?
4. Does my organisation's purpose genuinely inspire me, or does it feel like corporate speak?
5. Am I experiencing purpose-person misalignment? If so, what are my options?

Take Action

Ready to apply what you learned? Here's your next step:

Audit Your Organisation: Go through the five characteristics honestly—not what your website says, but what actually happens in practice. Be brutally honest with yourself about the gap between aspirations and reality.

Assess Your Alignment: Even if your organisation has a genuine purpose, does it resonate with what matters to YOU? Do you sense that connection in your daily work?

Make a Conscious Choice: If there's misalignment, decide: Can you advocate for change? Do you have the energy for that battle? Or is it time to look elsewhere?

Connect with PsychChat

Enjoyed this episode? Here's how to stay connected:

📧 Email: psychchat@omnipsi.com
🐦 Twitter/X: @psych_chat
🎙️ Listen: Available on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and all major podcast platforms

⭐ Leave a Review: Your reviews help others discover the show and help us understand what content matters most to you

🔔 Subscribe: Don't miss future episodes—hit that subscribe button now

Hashtags

#PsychChat #OrganisationalPurpose #WorkplaceMeaning #LeadershipDevelopment #OrganisationalPsychology #PurposeDriven #WorkplaceCulture #EmployeeEngagement #MeaningfulWork #OrganisationalDevelopment #WorkplaceWellbeing #LeadershipResearch #HRLeadership #FutureOfWork #WorkplacePsychology

About the Host: Dr Austin Tay is a Chartered Industrial Organisational Psychologist who serves as Founder and Principal Consultant of OmniPsi Consulting. He specialises in executive coaching, leadership assessment, and evidence-based organisational psychology interventions.

Remember: Your work matters. The question is whether your organisation is helping you see that.

Takeaways

• Humour can unveil deeper organisational problems. 
• Positive humour boosts team performance and cohesion. 
• Understanding humour styles is vital for effective leadership. 
• Humour can serve as a diagnostic tool for organisational health. 
• Trust is crucial for humour to be impactful. 
• Timing and context are essential when applying humour. Inappropriate humour can harm leadership credibility. 
• Leaders should monitor humour patterns within their teams. 
• Self-deprecating humour promotes psychological safety. 
• Humour can help manage workplace tensions and contradictions.

REFERENCES

Hatch, M. J., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1993). Spontaneous humour as an indicator of paradox and ambiguity in organisations. Organisation Studies, 14(4), 505-526. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400403

Holmes, J., & Marra, M. (2006). Humour and leadership style. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 19(2), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2006.006

Mao, J. Y., Chiang, J. T. J., Zhang, Y., & Gao, M. (2017). Humour as a relationship lubricant: The implications of leader humour on transformational leadership perceptions and team performance. Journal of Leadership & Organisational Studies, 24(4), 494-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051817707518

Vetter, L., & Gockel, C. (2016). Can't buy me laughter—Humour in organisational change. Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO), 47(4), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-016-0341-7

Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive humour in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211199554

Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humour and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humour Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2

Lee, D. (2015). The impact of leader's humour on employees' creativity: The moderating role of trust in leader. Seoul Journal of Business, 21(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.35152/snusjb.2015.21.1.003

Tremblay, M. (2017). Humour in teams: Multilevel relationships between humour climate, inclusion, trust, and citizenship behaviours. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(4), 363-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9445-x

Rosenberg, C., Walker, A., Leiter, M., & Graffam, J. (2021). Humour in workplace leadership: A systematic search scoping review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 610795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610795

Bitterly, T. B., Brooks, A. W., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2017). Risky business: When humour increases and decreases status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), 431-455. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000079

Decker, W. H., & Rotondo, D. M. (2001). Relationships among gender, type of humour, and perceived leader effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4), 450-465.

Yue, X., Jiang, F., Lu, S., & Hiranandani, N. (2016). To be or not to be humorous? Cross-cultural perspectives on humour. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01495

"Humility paired with action shows confidence, not weakness. It says, 'I'm so secure in my abilities that I don't need to prove I'm the smartest person in the room.'"

"Maybe real power means asking better questions... maybe true authority means making everyone else smarter."

🔄 Connect & Share

Found this episode helpful? Please share it with someone who needs to hear it! Tag us and let us know your biggest takeaway.

📖 Academic References

Full research citations available in the episode transcript, featuring work from leading organizational psychology journals and leadership researchers.

References

Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170

Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274

Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.515

Cameron, K. S., & Dutton, J. E. (2003). Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60(7), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678

Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113(6), 479-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00250.x

Heinitz, K., Lorenz, T., Schulze, D., & Schorlemmer, J. (2018). Positive organisational psychology: Longitudinal effects on subjective well-being. PLOS ONE, 13(6), e0198588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198588

Jafari, F., Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Abdi, A., & Ezatizadeh, N. (2021). Predicting positive organizational behavior based on structural and psychological empowerment among nurses. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 19(38). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-021-00289-1

Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640181

Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003

Martín-Del-Río, B., Neipp, M. C., García-Selva, A., & Solanes-Puchol, A. (2021). Positive organizational psychology: A bibliometric review and science mapping analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105222

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

van Zyl, L. E., Dik, B. J., Donaldson, S. I., Klibert, J. J., di Blasi, Z., van Wingerden, J., & Salanova, M. (2024). Positive organisational psychology 2.0: Embracing the technological revolution. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(4), 699-711. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2257640

OmniPsi Consulting presents this podcast. For more information about our services, please visit our website here.

Want to explore topics that matter to you? Connect with us on BlueSky or shoot us an email at psychchat@omnipsi.com. Don't forget to subscribe to our podcast for insightful discussions that empower you to navigate the complexities of the world of work. Let's dive into the issues that shape your professional journey!  #Podcast #WorkLife #CareerAdvice

Join the discussion on Youtube or reply to my post

References

1. Viale, R., Gallagher, S., & Gallese, V. (2023). Bounded rationality, enactive problem solving, and the neuroscience of social interaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1152866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152866

2. Petracca, E. (2021). Embodying Bounded Rationality: From Embodied Bounded Rationality to Embodied Rationality. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 710607. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710607

3. Simon, H. A. (1947). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization. Macmillan.

4. Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852

5. Simon, H. A. (1972). Theories of bounded rationality. Decision and Organization, 1(1), 161-176.

6. Simon, H. A. (1981). The Sciences of the Artificial (2nd ed.). MIT Press.

7. Todd, P. M., & Gigerenzer, G. (2012). Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315448.001.0001

Join the discussion on Youtube or reply to my post on Bluesky

References

Macchi, G., & De Pisapia, N. (2024). Virtual reality, face-to-face, and 2D video conferencing differently impact fatigue, creativity, flow, and decision-making in workplace dynamics. Scientific Reports, 14(10260). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60942-6

Michinov, E., Dodeler, V., Adam, H., & Michinov, N. (2024). Relaxing at work: Does virtual reality work? An exploratory study among employees in their workplace. Frontiers in Organizational Psychology, 20241816. https://doi.org/10.3389/forgp.2024.1441816

Naranjo, J. E., et al. (2020). A scoping review on virtual reality-based industrial training. Applied Sciences, 10(8), 8224. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228224

To reach out to Harleen Grover, please click on the following links.

https://thespacehq.com/

https://www.linkedin.com/in/harleen-grover/

References

González-Navarro, P., Zurriaga-Llorens, R., Tosin Olateju, A., & Llinares-Insa, L. I. (2018). Envy and counterproductive work behavior: The moderation role of leadership in public and private organizations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071455

Li, M., Xu, X., & Kwan, H. K. (2023). The antecedents and consequences of workplace envy: A meta-analytic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 40(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-021-09772-y

Su, X., & Chen, C. (2023). The influence of workplace envy on employees' knowledge-hiding behavior based on a comparative analysis between generation cohorts. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9), 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090716

Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. J. (2012). Envy as pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implications for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0484

van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015669

References

Deady, M., Collins, D. A. J., Johnston, D. A., Glozier, N., Calvo, R. A., Christensen, H., & Harvey, S. B. (2022). A pilot evaluation of a smartphone application for workplace depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6753), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186753

Greiner, B. A., & Arensman, E. (2022). The role of work in suicidal behavior - uncovering priorities for research and prevention. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 48(6), 419–424. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4051 

Huebschmann, N. A., & Sheets, E. S. (2020). The right mindset: Stress mindset moderates the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1736900

LaMontagne, A. D., Åberg, M., Blomqvist, S., Glozier, N., Greiner, B. A., Gullestrup, J., Harvey, S. B., Kyron, M. J., Madsen, I. E. H., Hanson, L. M., Maheen, H., Mustard, C., Niedhammer, I., Rugulies, R., Smith, P. M., Taouk, Y., Waters, S., Witt, K., & King, T. L. (2024). Work-related suicide: Evolving understandings of etiology & intervention. American Journal of Industrial medicine, 67(8), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23624 

Moon, J. Y., Choi, T. Y., Won, E. S., Won, G. H., Kim, S. Y., Lee, H. J., & Yoon, S. (2022). The relationship between workplace burnout and male depression symptom assessed by the Korean version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale. American Journal of Men's Health, 16(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883221123930

Zadow, A. J., Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., & Landsbergis, P. (2021). Predicting new major depression symptoms from long working hours, psychosocial safety climate and work engagement: A population‐based cohort study. BMJ Open, 11(6), e044133. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044133

https://www.virtual-college.co.uk/resources/uk-suicides-could-be-work-related-research-suggests

https://ahc.leeds.ac.uk/download/downloads/id/678/work-related_suicide_a_qualitative_analysis_of_recent_cases_with_recommendations_for_reform.pdf

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/suicidebyoccupation/england2011to2015

 References

Dåderman, A. M., & Kajonius, P. J. (2024). Linking grandiose and vulnerable narcissism to managerial work performance, through the lens of core personality traits and social desirability. Scientific Reports, 14, 12213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60202-7

Day, N. J. S., Townsend, M. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2020). Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-020-00132-8

Gui, W., Bai, Q., & Wang, L. (2022). Workplace incivility and employees' personal initiative: A moderated mediation model of emotional exhaustion and meaningful work. SAGE Open, 12(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079899

Jauk, E., Ulbrich, L., Jorschick, P., Höfler, M., & Kaufman, S. B. (2021). The non‐linear association between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: An individual data meta‐analysis. Journal of Personality, 90(4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12692

Liu, P., Xiao, C., He, J., Wang, X., & Li, A. (2020). Experienced workplace incivility, anger, guilt, and family satisfaction: The double-edged effect of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109642

Moon, C., & Morais, C. (2022). The effect of covert narcissism on workplace incivility: The mediating role of self-esteem and norms for respect. Current Psychology, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02968-5

Ramsey-Haynes, S. (2021). Emotional intelligence and workplace incivility among oncology RNs. Nursing Management, 52(5), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000792060.00298.03

Wang, B., Fiaz, M., Mughal, Y. H., Kiran, A., Ullah, I., & Wisetsri, W. (2022). Gazing the dusty mirror: Joint effect of narcissism and sadism on workplace incivility via indirect effect of paranoia, antagonism, and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 944174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944174

Weinberg, I., & Ronningstam, E. (2022). Narcissistic personality disorder: Progress in understanding and treatment. Focus, 20(4), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20220052

References

Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831-858. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409963

Barber, L. K., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2015). Please respond ASAP: Workplace telepressure and employee recovery. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 172-189. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038278

Brod, C. (1984). Technostress: The human cost of the computer revolution. Addison-Wesley.

Hauk, N., Göritz, A. S., & Krumm, S. (2019). The mediating role of coping behavior on the age-technostress relationship: A longitudinal multilevel mediation model. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0213349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213349

Maier, C., Laumer, S., Weinert, C., & Weitzel, T. (2015). The effects of technostress and switching stress on discontinued use of social networking services: A study of Facebook use. Information Systems Journal, 25(3), 275-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12068

Pirkkalainen, H., Salo, M., Tarafdar, M., & Makkonen, M. (2019). Deliberate or instinctive? Proactive and reactive coping for technostress. Journal of Management Information Systems, 36(4), 1179-1212. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1661092

Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165

Riedl, R., Kindermann, H., Auinger, A., & Javor, A. (2012). Technostress from a neurobiological perspective. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 4(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-012-0207-7

Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Cifre, E. (2013). The dark side of technologies: Technostress among users of information and communication technologies. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 422-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.680460

Tams, S., Legoux, R., & Leger, P. M. (2018). Smartphone withdrawal creates stress: A moderated mediation model of nomophobia, social threat, and phone withdrawal context. Computers in Human Behavior, 81, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.026

Tarafdar, M., Cooper, C. L., & Stich, J. F. (2019). The technostress trifecta‐techno eustress, techno distress and design: Theoretical directions and an agenda for research. Information Systems Journal, 29(1), 6-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12169

Tarafdar, M., Pullins, E. B., & Ragu‐Nathan, T. S. (2015). Technostress: negative effect on performance and possible mitigations. Information Systems Journal, 25(2), 103-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12042

Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, T. S., & Ragu-Nathan, B. S. (2011). Crossing to the dark side: Examining creators, outcomes, and inhibitors of technostress. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 54(9), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1145/1995376.1995403

Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 23(3), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134

References

Artinger, F., Petersen, M., Gigerenzer, G., & Weibler, J. (2015). Heuristics as adaptive decision strategies in management. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S33-S52.

Brockner, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2001). Regulatory focus theory: Implications for the study of emotions at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 35-66.

Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

Gigerenzer, G. (2014). Risk savvy: How to make good decisions. Penguin.

Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438-448.

Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46.

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.

Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128.

Marx-Fleck, S., Junker, N. M., Artinger, F., & van Dick, R. (2021). Defensive decision making: Operationalization and the relevance of psychological safety and job insecurity from a conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,  Vol 94 (3), 485-788.

Mello, M. M., Chandra, A., Gawande, A. A., & Studdert, D. M. (2010). National costs of the medical liability system. Health Affairs, 29(9), 1569-1577.

References

Aggarwal, P., & O'Brien, C. L. (2008). Social loafing on group projects: Structural antecedents and effect on student satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Education, 30(3), 255-264.

Alnuaimi, O. A., Robert, L. P., & Maruping, L. M. (2010). Team size, dispersion, and social loafing in technology-supported teams: A perspective on the theory of moral disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(1), 203-230.

Bennett, N., & Naumann, S. E. (2005). Understanding and preventing shirking, job neglect, social loafing, and free riding. In R. E. Kidwell& C. L. Martin (Eds.), Managing Organizational Deviance (Vol. 1, pp. 113–130). Sage.

Chidambaram, L., & Tung, L. L. (2015). Is out of sight, out of mind? An empirical study of social loafing in technology-supported groups. Information Systems Research, 16(2), 149-168.

George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 191–202.

Jia, H., Jia, R., & Karau, S. (2019). Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the Big Five traits and workplace situational factors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 258-279.

Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (2021). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681-706.

Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A., & Bennett, N. (2014). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2), 285-304.

Monzani, L., Ripoll, P., Peir., J. M., & Van Dick, R. (2014). Loafing in the digital age: The role of computer mediated communication in the relation between perceived loafing and group affective outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 279–285.

Mulvey, P. W., & Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62–87.

Pearsall, M. J., Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2010). Motivating interdependent teams: Individual rewards, shared rewards, or something in between? Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 183–191.

Price, K. H., Harrison, D. A., & Gavin, J. H. (2006). Withholding inputs in team contexts: Member composition, interaction processes, evaluation structure, and social loafing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1375–1384.

References

Allan, B. A., Dexter, C., Kinsey, R., & Parker, S. (2021). Meaningful work and mental health: Job satisfaction as a mediator. Journal of Career Assessment, 29(1), 82-95.

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285.

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2022). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(2), 253-260.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.

Dutton, J. E., & Ragins, B. R. (2007). Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2020). Exploring the relative and combined influence of mastery-approach goals and work intrinsic motivation on employee turnover intention. Personnel Review, 49(2), 483-501.

Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2020). Whistle while you work: A review of the life satisfaction literature. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038-1083.

Frijters, P., Clark, A., Krekel, C., & Layard, R. (2019). Happy Choice: Wellbeing as the Goal of Government. IZA Discussion Paper No. 12720.

Haar, J. M., Sune, A., Russo, M., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2021). A cross-national study on the antecedents of work-life balance from the fit and balance perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(3), 502-527.

Happy Research Institute: https://www.happinessresearchinstitute.com/waly-report

Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279.

Jiang, L., & Lavaysse, L. M. (2022). Perceived control and employee well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 27(1), 1-18.

Kong, F., & You, X. (2013). Loneliness and self-esteem as mediators between social support and life satisfaction in late adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 110 (1), 271-279.

OECD (2019). Better Life Index. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Retrieved from: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/

Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2015). Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics, 33(4), 789-822.

Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13 (4), 333-335.

Schneider, B., Yost, A. B., Kropp, A., Kind, C., & Lam, H. (2021). Workforce engagement: What it is, what drives it, and why it matters for organizational performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(2), 188-206.

Siu, O. L., Cheung, F., & Lui, S. (2021). Enhancing work-related well-being among Chinese employees: A comparison between perceived organizational support and psychological capital. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 97-136.

Steger, M. F., Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Measuring meaningful work: The Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI). Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 322-337.

References

Dollard, M. F., & Bakker, A.B., (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 579–599. 

Harnois G, Gabriel P. Mental health and work: impact, issues and good practice. Geneva: World Health. Organization, 2000. 

Dollard MF, Jain A. A corruption of public values at work; psychosocial safety climate, work conditions, and worker health across 31 European countries. In Dollard, M, Dormann, C and Idris, MA (eds). Psychosocial safety climate: a new work stress theory (pp. 77-106). Cham: Springer, 2019. 

Mansour S, Tremblay DC. Psychosocial safety climate as resource passageways to alleviate work family 

conflict: a study in the health sector in Quebec. Personnel Review 2018, 47(2): 474-93. 

Idris, M.A., Dollard, M.F., Tuckey, M.R. (2015). Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Management Tool for Employee Engagement and Performance: A Multilevel Analysis. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol 22, No 2, 183-206. 

Biron, C., Karanika-Murray, M., Ivers, H., Salvoni, S., & Fernet, C. (2021). Teleworking while sick: A three-wave study of psychological safety climate, psychological demands and presenteeism. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 734245. 

Idris, M. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2011). Psychosocial safety climate, work conditions, and emotions in the workplace: A Malaysian population-based work stress study. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(4), 324–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024849 

For suggestions or comments, please send them to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to psych_chat. 

Please find below references to the studies cited in the podcast episode.

References: 

• Hassan, M., Bin Nadeem, A., & Akhter, A. (2016). Impact of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction: Mediating effect of trust. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 1189808. 
• Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Giacalone, R. A. (2004). A values framework for measuring the impact of workplace spirituality on organizational performance. Journal of business ethics, 49(2), 129-142. 
• Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of business ethics, 94(1), 89-106. 
• Milliman, J., Gatling, A., & Kim, J. S. (2018). The effect of workplace spirituality on hospitality employee engagement, intention to stay, and service delivery. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 35, 56-65. 
• Mousa, M., & Alas, R. (2016). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: A study on the public schools teachers in Menoufia (Egypt). African Journal of Business Management, 10(10), 247-255. 
• Osman-Gani, A. M., Hashim, J., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Establishing linkages between religiosity and spirituality on employee performance. Employee Relations. 
• Pawar, B. S. (2009). Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes: An empirical test of direct and interaction effects. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 
• Rastgar, A. A., Pourebrahimi, N., & Sultanzadeh, S. (2012). The linkage between spirituality in the workplace and organizational citizenship behaviour. International journal of business and social science, 3(18). 
• Rego, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2008). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 

References:

• Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139-158.  
• Albrecht, S. L. (2012). The influence of job, team and organizational level resources on employee well-being, engagement, commitment and extra-role performance: Test of a model. International Journal of Manpower, 33(7), 840-853.
• Atkinson, C., & Hall, L. (2011). Flexible working and happiness in the NHS. Employee Relations, 33(2), 88-105.
• Bloom, P., & Śliwa, M. (2021). Hacking work: Critically examining the implications of the new discourse and practices of hacking for work intensification and organisational control. Human Relations. 
• Borgkvist, A., Moore, V., Crabb, S., & Eliott, J. (2021). Critical considerations of workplace flexibility “for all” and gendered outcomes: Men being flexible about their flexibility. Gender, Work and Organization, 28(6), 2076-2090.  
• Chesley, N. (2014). Information and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress. Work, Employment and Society, 28(4), 589-610.
• CIPD. (2021). Health and well-being at work report.
• D’Abate, C. P., & Eddy, E. R. (2007). Engaging in personal business on the job: Extending the presenteeism construct. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(3), 361-383.
• Ďuranová, L., & Ohly, S. (2016). Persistent work-related technology use, recovery and well-being processes. Springer International Publishing. 
• Facer, R. L., Jr., & Wadsworth, L. (2008). Alternative work schedules and work-family balance: A research note. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 28(2), 166-177.
• Green, F. (2001). It’s been a hard day’s night: The concentration and intensification of work in late twentieth-century Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39(1), 53-80.
• Hesketh, I., & Cooper, C. L. (2014). Leaveism at work. Occupational Medicine, 64(3), 146-147.
• Hochschild, A. (1997). The time bind. WorkingUSA, 1(2), 21-29. 
• Houdmont, J., Elliott-Davies, M., & Donnelly, J. (2018). Leaveism in English and Welsh police forces: Baseline reference values. Occupational Medicine, 68(9), 593–599.
• Kelliher, C., & Anderson, D. (2010). Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human Relations, 63(1), 83-106.
• Le Fevre, M., Matheny, J., & Kolt, G. S. (2003). Eustress, distress, and interpretation in occupational stress. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), 726-744.
• Mazmanian, M. (2013). Avoiding the trap of constant connectivity: When congruent frames allow for heterogeneous practices. Academy of Management Journal, 56(5), 1225-1250.
• Robertson, I., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). Well-being: Productivity and happiness at work. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rosa, H. (2003). Social acceleration: Ethical and political consequences of a desynchronized high-speed society. Constellations, 10(1), 3-33.
• Toppinen-Tanner, S., Ojajärvi, A., Väänänen, A., Kalimo, R., & Jäppinen, P. (2005). Burnout as a predictor of medically certified sick-leave absences and their diagnosed causes. Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 18-27.
• Zeytinoglu, I. U., Cooke, G. B., & Mann, S. L. (2004). Flexibility: Whose choice is it anyway? Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 59(4), 555-574.

References:

• Ishaq, E., Bashir, S. and Khan, A.K. (2021), Paradoxical Leader Behaviors: Leader Personality and Follower Outcomes. Applied Psychology, 70: 342-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12233
• Zhang, Y., & Liu, S.M. (2021). Balancing employees’ extrinsic requirements and intrinsic motivation: A paradoxical leader behaviour perspective. European Management Journal, Vol 40 (1), 127-136
• Thuan, L.C. and Thanh, B.T. (2020), "Leader knowledge sharing behavior and follower creativity: the role of follower acquired knowledge and prosocial motivation", Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp. 457-471.
• Jiang, J., Gao, A., & Yang, B. (2018, January 1). Employees’ Critical Thinking, Leaders’ Inspirational Motivation, and Voice Behavior: The Mediating Role of Voice Efficacy. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 17(1), 33–41.

• Timms, C., Brough, P., & Graham, D. (2012). Burnt‐out but engaged: the co‐existence of psychological burnout and engagement. Journal of Educational Administration.
• Freudenberger, H. (1974), “Staff burnout”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 30, pp. 159-64.
• Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B. and Leiter, M.P. (2001), “Job burnout”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 397-422.
• Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations: 71–98. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
• Wang, G. and Lee, P.D. (2009), “Psychological empowerment and job satisfaction: an analysis of interactive effects”, Group and Organization Management, Vol. 34, pp. 271-96.
• Laschinger, H.K.S. and Finegan, J. (2005), “Using empowerment to build trust and respect in the workplace: a strategy for addressing the nursing shortage”, Nursing Economics, Vol. 231, pp. 6-13. Laschinger, H.K.S., Finegan, J., Shamian, H. and Wilk, P. (2004), “A longitudinal analysis of the impact of workplace empowerment on work satisfaction”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25, pp. 527-45.
• May,D.R., Gilson, R.L. and Harter, L.M. (2004), “The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 77, pp. 11-37.

Beetham, J. and Okhai, L. (2017) Workplace Dyslexia & Specific Learning Difficulties—Productivity, Engagement and Well-Being. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 56-78.

https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2017.56007

References

Baddeley, A. (1992) Working Memory. Science, 255, 556-559.

Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression: II. Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561-571.

Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Press. 

Ellis, A (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.

Evans, J.M.G., Hollon, S.D., DeRubeis, R.J., Piasecki, J.M., Grove, W.M., Garvey, M.J., et al (1992). Different relapse following cognitive therapy and pharmacology for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 802-808.

Fernyhough, C. (1996). The dialogic mind: A dialogic approach to the higher mental functions. New Ideas in Psychology, 14, 47-62.

Freels, S. A., Richman, J.A., & Rospenda, K. M. (2005). Gender differences in the causal direction between workplace harassment and drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1454-1458.

Greenberger, D. & Padesky, C.A. (1995). Mind over Mood. New York: Guilford.

Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1992). Cognitive therapy and the prevention of depression. Applied And Preventive Psychiatry, 1, 89-95.

Rospenda, K. M., Fujishiro, K., Shannon, C. A., & Richman, J. A. (2008). Workplace harassment, stress, and drinking behavior over time: Gender differences in a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 964-967. 

Rosen, H. (1988). The constructivist-development paradigm. In R.A. Dorfman (Ed), Paradigms of clinical social work, 317-355. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group.

Townend, A. (2008). Understanding and addressing bullying in the workplace. Industrial and Commercial Training, 40, 270-273.

Weisharr, M. E. (1996). "Developments in Cognitive Therapy' in W.Dryden (ed.), Developments in Psychotherapy: Historical Perspectives. London: Sage Publication.

https://mailchi.mp/ab46c6ebb314/1-hourfreecoachingsession

In today's episode, some of the references used are as follow:

[1] Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., … Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077

[2] Jamieson, S. D., & Tuckey, M. R. (2017). Mindfulness interventions in the workplace: A critique of the current state of the literature. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(2), 180– 193. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000048

[3] Michel, A., Bosch, C., & Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting work–life balance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 733– 754.

[4] Rexroth, M., Michel, A., & Bosch, C. (2017). Promoting well-being by teaching employees how to segment their life domains: Effects of an online-based mindfulness intervention. Zeitschrift Für Arbeits- Und Organisationspsychologie, 61, 197– 212.

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

References for the research cited or mentioned in the podcast are below

• Sakulku, J., & Alexander, J. (2011). The Impostor Phenomenon. International Journal of Behavioural Science, Vol 6, NO 1, 75-97.
• Clance, P. R. (1985). The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Georgia: Peachtree Publishers
• Harvey, J. C., & Katz, C. (1985). If I'm so successful, why do I feel like a fake? New York: Random House.
• Kolligian, J., Jr., & Sternberg, R. J. (1991). Perceived Fraudulence in young adults: Is there an ‘Imposter Syndrome’? Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(2), 308-326.
• Sonnak, C., & Towell, T. (2001). The impostor phenomenon in British university students: Relationships between self-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socioeconomic status. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 863-874.

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested to help James in his validation study and you are based in Hong Kong, please contact James directly through the link below:

https://www.linkedin.com/in/james-morley-kirk-b244443/

References for the research cited or mentioned in the podcast are below

• Rosnow, R. L. (2001). Rumour and gossip in interpersonal interaction and beyond: A Social Exchange Perspective. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Behaving badly: Aversive behaviours in interpersonal relationships (pp. 203–232). Washington, DC: APA.
• Rosnow, R. L., & Georgoudi, M. (1985). Killed by idol gossip: The psychology of small talk. In B. Rubin (Ed.), When information counts: Grading the media (pp. 59–73). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
• Ben-Ze’ev, A. (1994). The vindication of gossip. In R. F. Goodman & A. Ben-Ze’ev (Eds.), Good gossip (pp. 11–24). Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
• Kurland, N. B., & Pelled, L. H. (2000). Passing the word: Toward a model of gossip and power in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 25, 428–438.
• Noon, M., and Delbridge, R. (1993). News from behind my hand: gossip in organizations. Organ. Stud. 14, 23–36. doi: 10.1177/017084069301400103
• Dunbar, R. I., Marriott, A., and Duncan, N. D. (1997). Human conversational behavior. Hum. Nat. 8, 231–246. doi: 10.1007/BF02912493
• Dunbar, R. I. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 8,100–110. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100
• Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on gossip: taxonomy, methods, and future directions. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 8, 78–99. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78
• Barkow, J. H. (1992). “Beneath new culture is old psychology: gossip and social stratification,” in The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, eds J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 627–637.
• Davis, H., and McLeod, S. L. (2003). Why humans value sensational news: an evolutionary perspective. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 208–216. doi: 10.1016/S1090- 5138(03)00012-6
• Baumeister, R. F., Zhang, L. Q., and Vohs, K. D. (2004). Gossip as cultural learning. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 8, 111–121. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.111
• Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., and Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Acad. Manag. J. 45, 331–351.
• Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol. Bull. 117, 497–529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
• Ellwardt, L., Labianca, G. J., andWittek, R. (2012). Who are the objects of positive and negative gossip at work? A social network perspective on workplace gossip. Soc. Netw. 34, 193–205. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.11.003
• Aquino, K., and Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: aggression from the target's perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 60, 717–741. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163703
• Chandra, G., and Robinson, S. L. (2010). “They’re talking about me again: the impact of being the target of gossip on emotional distress and withdrawal,” in Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA.
• Waddington, K., and Michelson, G. (2007). “Analyzing gossip to reveal and understand power relationships, political action and reaction to change inside organizations,” in Paper Presented at the 5th International Critical Management Studies Conference, Manchester.
• Bok, S. (1989). Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation. New York, NY: Vintage.
• Grosser, T. J., Lopez-Kidwell, V., Labianca, G., and Ellwardt, L. (2012). Hearing it through the grapevine: positive and negative workplace gossip. Organ. Dyn. 41, 52–61. doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.12.007
• Kniffin, K. M., and Wilson, D. S. (2010). Evolutionary perspectives on workplace gossip: why and how gossip can serve groups. Group Organ. Manag. 35,150–176. doi: 10.1177/1059601109360390
• Salmansohn, K. (2016). Think happy: Instant peptalks to boost positivity. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press.
• Danziger, E. (1988). Minimize office gossip. The Personnel Journal, 67, 31–35.
• Porterfield, E. (2008). Gossip can be toxic to the workplace – And your reputation. The Seattle Times. http://www.seattletimes.com/life/ lifestyle/gossip-can-be-toxic-to-the-workplace-8212-and-yourreputation/.
• Wu, L., Birtch, T. A., Chiang, F. F., & Zhang, H. (2018). Perceptions of negative workplace gossip: A self-consistency theory framework. Journal of Management, 44, 1873–1898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632057.
• Kuo, C., Chang, K., Quinton, S., Lu, C., & Lee, I. (2015). Gossip in the workplace and the implications for HR management: A study of gossip and its relationship to employee cynicism. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26,2288–2307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.985329.
• Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on gossip: Taxonomy, methods, and future directions. Review of General Psychology, 8, 78–99. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78.

For any comments and suggestions, please send them via email to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to psych_chat. Remember to subscribe to PsychChat on all good podcast platform. You can now find us on Vurbl.

Some of the research mentioned in this podcast are as follow:

1) Kets de Vries, M.F. (1998). Leadership in Organizations. INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.  https://flora.insead.edu/fichiersti_wp/inseadwp1998/98-89.pdf

2) Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2020).  Research: Women are better leaders during a crisis. https://hbr.org/2020/12/research-women-are-better-leaders-during-a-crisis

3) Costa, P.T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2) 322-331. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322. PMID: 11519935.

4) Vianello, M., Schnabel, K., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. (2013). Gender differences in implicit and explicit personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences 55, (994-999).

5) Del Giudice, M., Booth, T., & Irwing, P. (2012). The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality. PLoS ONE, 7(1), e29265.

For any comments and suggestions, please send them via email to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to psych_chat. Remember to subscribe to PsychChat on all good podcast platform. You can now find us on Vurbl.

Some of the research discussed in this podcast as follows

Duckworth, A. L.,  Peterson, C.,  Matthews, M. D.,  & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long Term Goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 92, No 6, 1087-1101.

Eskries-Winkler, L., Duckwork, A. L., Shulman, E. P., & Beal, S. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology, 1-30.

Von Culin, K. R., Tsukayma, E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). Unpacking grit: Motivational correlates of perseverance and passion for long term goals. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9:4, 306-312.

Zissman, C., & Ganzach, Y. (2020). In a representative sample grit has a negligible effect on educational and economic success compared to intelligence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1-8.

Credé, M., Tynan, M. C., & Harms, P. D. (2017). Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 492–511.

https://angeladuckworth.com/qa/#faq-152

What can I use the Grit Scale for?

I created the Grit Scale so that I could study grit as a scientist.  Why? Because you cannot study what you cannot measure.

I also think this questionnaire is useful as a prompt for self-reflection. For example, some of the most effective coaches and teachers I know give this questionnaire to their players and students in order to prompt a conversation about their evolving passion and perseverance.

However, I hasten to point out that all psychological measures, including the Grit Scale, have limitations. You can fake a higher grit score without much effort, for example. Another very serious but not-so-obvious limitation of questionnaires is called “reference bias.” This distortion of scores comes from people holding different standards by which they judge behavior. So, your score not only reflects how gritty you are but also the standards to which you hold yourself. I talk about this limitation, among others, in this article on measurement which I co-authored with my friend and colleague David Yeager.

In sum, I think the Grit Scale can be used for research and for self-reflection, but its limitations make it inappropriate for many other uses, including selecting employees, admitting students to college, gauging the performance of teachers, or comparing schools or countries to each other.

He can be contacted via 
https://www.linkedin.com/in/richardmackinnon/

If you have enjoyed listening to this episode, please share this with your friends and colleagues. For any comments and suggestions, please send them via email to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to psych_chat.

You can also now listen to PsychChat on Vurbl - https://vurbl.com/station/57iQtic9D67/

1) Sheep, M. L. (2006). Nurturing the Whole Person: The Ethics of Workplace Spirituality in a Society of Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(4), 357–375.

2) "a psychological contract is a belief that an exchange partner is obligated to provide inducements, such as fair compensation, in exchange for one’s own contributions, such as loyalty or high quality work". (Lee, Liu, Rousseau, Hui, & Chen, 2011; Rousseau & McLean Parks, 1993)

3) Henry Ford asked, ‘‘Why is it that I always get the whole person when all I really want is a pair of hands?’’ (Pollard, 1996, p. 25).

o3umXpcKVSXTLYipo1po

Some to the references we mentioned in this episode include

Brewer, M. B., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (2004). Perspectives on social psychology.Self and social identity. Blackwell Publishing.

Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. Norton & Co.

McAdams, D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63(3), 365–396.

If you have enjoyed listening to this episode, please share this with your friends and colleagues. For any comments and suggestions, please send them via email to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to psych_chat.

Ryan, R. M.; Deci, E. L. (2000). "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being". American Psychologist. 55(1): 68–78.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 85-107). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Publishing.

If you have enjoyed listening to this episode, please share this with your friends and colleagues. For any comments and suggestions, please send them via email to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to psych_chat.

Some of the research mentioned in this podcast are as follow:

Self Indulgent Construal

Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 115-127.

Tice, D.M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: the place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 149-159.

Self Protective Strategy

Copes, H., Vieraitis, L., & Jochum, J.M. (2007). Bridging the gap between research and practice: how neutralization theory can inform reid interrogations of identity thieves. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 18(3), 444-459.

Maruna, S., & Copes, H. (2015). Procrastination and dissonance- reduction strategies. Poster presented at the ninth biennial procrastination research conference. Bielefeld, Germany.

Sykes, G.M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22, 664-670.

Self-Licencing

Blanken, I., van de Ven, N., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 540-558.

De Witt Huberts, J. C., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D.T.D. (2011). Licence to sin: self-licensing as a mechanism underlying hedonic consumption. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 490-496.

Procrastination-Health Model

Sirois, F.M., Melia-Gordon, M.L., & Pychyl, T.A. (2003). "I'll look after my health, later": an investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1167-1184.

Research on Procrastination-Health Model

A cross-sectional study of students

Sirois, F.M., Melia-Gordon, M.L., & Pychyl, T.A. (2003). "I'll look after my health, later": an investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1167-1184.

Research on adults sample in the community

Sirois, F.M. (2007). "I'll look after my health, later": a replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 15-26.

Bedtime Procrastination

Kroese, F.M., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M.A., & de Ridder, D.T. (2014b). Bedtime procrastination: a self-regulation perspective on sleep insufficiency in the general population. Journal of Health Psychology. Doi:10.1177/1359105314540014.

Article - Now is not the Time for Precrastination

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/now-is-not-the-time-for-precrastination

Some of the research mentioned in this podcast are as follow:

Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). A stressor-emotion model of counterproductive work behavior. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151–176). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Jex, S. M., & Beehr, T. A. (1991). Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 9, 311–365.

Spector, P. E. (1998). A control theory of the job stress process. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress (pp. 153–169). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Sackett, P. R. (2002). The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: Dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 5–11. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00189

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 350-383.

Dollard, M.F., Bakker, A.B., 2010. Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83, 579–599.

Dollard, M.F., 2011. Psychosocial safety climate: a lead indicator of work conditions, workplace psychological health and engagement and precursor to intervention success. In: Biron, C., Karanika-Murray, M., Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Managing Psychosocial Risks in the Workplace: The Role of Process Issues. Routledge/ Psychology Press..

Dollard, M.F., Bakker, A.B., 2010. Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83, 579–599.

James, L.R., Choi, C.C., Ko, C.E., McNeil, P.K., Minton, M.K., Wright, M.A., Kim, K., 2008. Organisational and psychological climate: a review of theory and research. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology 17, 5–32.

Some of the research mentioned in this podcast are as follow:

• Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). A stressor-emotion model of counterproductive work behavior. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151–176). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

• Jex, S. M., & Beehr, T. A. (1991). Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 9, 311–365.

• Spector, P. E. (1998). A control theory of the job stress process. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress (pp. 153–169). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

• Sackett, P. R. (2002). The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: Dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 5–11. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00189.

• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.

• Halbesleben, J. R.,&Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30, 859–879. doi:0.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004.

• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–421. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062.

• Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2006). The many roles of control in a stressor-emotion theory of Counterproductive Work Behavior. In P. L. Perrewe & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well being (pp. 171–201). Greenwich, CT: JAI. doi:10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05005-5.

• Krischer, M. M., Penney, L. M., & Hunter, E. M. (2010). Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 154–166. doi:10.1037/a0018349.

• Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Emotions and counterproductive work behavior. In N. M. Ashkanasy & C. L. Cooper (Eds.) Research companion to emotion in organizations, (pp.183–196). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

• Tunstall, M. M., Penney, L. M., Hunter, E. M., & Weinberger, E. (2006). A closer look at CWB: Emotions, targets, and outcomes. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Dallas, TX.

• https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00922-8?utm_source=pocket&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=pockethits

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

As China Select has the publishing right for TD-12 in Asia Pacific regions, James is looking for collaborators for validation studies. If you are interested in doing so, please contact James directly through the link below:

https://www.linkedin.com/in/james-morley-kirk-b244443/

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

To contact Jordi Escartin, Associate Professor of Organizational Behaviour, University of Barcelona, please click the link below

https://www.linkedin.com/in/jordiescartin/

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

You can check out the details of Dr Clara To, our featured guest,  below

Company website - http://talentlink.com.hk/
Linkedin Profile - https://www.linkedin.com/in/clarato/

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

You can check out the details of Dr Simon Miles featured in this episode below

Company website - https://mywritingcoach.org/
Linkedin Profile - https://www.linkedin.com/in/drsimonmiles/

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

Some of the references shared in this episode are as follow:

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: A study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150–170. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150

Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., . . .Sivanathan, N. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 228–238.

Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 777–796. 

If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.

If you are interested in my blog, you can click on this link www.draustintay.com

To effectively prevent workplace bullying, organizations need to ensure that they have a clear policy against workplace bullying. It is also essential that their employees are aware that such a policy is in place. Organizations can communicate this to their employees through the use of mediums such as notices, newsletters, internal memorandums and awareness campaigns. Training is essential for those who will be involved in dealing with complaints of workplace bullying, and these will include managers and HR personnel.

When organisations discuss workplace bullying openly and have processes and procedures to reduce and tackle workplace bullying, they will create a safe work environment for their employees.

Some of the references mentioned in this episode are as follow:

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-labour/south-koreans-using-spy-gadgets-to-fight-workplace-bullying-idUSKCN1VO13I

https://www.ladbible.com/news/news-man-cops-21000-fine-for-workplace-bullying-incident-20190829

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSBNma0-ylg

Individuals in the workplace can be bullied for almost anything such as physical outlook, the way they speak or sound and their sexual orientation. Creating awareness is a start to make workplace bullying an important issue to be discussed in the workplace.

Some of the references mentioned in this podcast are as follow:

Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Hjelt-Bäck, M. (1994). Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 173–184.

Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim’s perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91:998–1012.

Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3),335-349.

Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20, 16-27.

Einarsen, S., Raknes, B.I., & Matthiesen, S.B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and its relationship with work environment quality: An exploratory study. The European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4, 381–401.

Harvey, S., & Keashly, L. (2003). Predicting the risk for aggression in the workplace: risk factors, self-esteem and time at work. Social Behavior & Personality, 31:807–14.

Hoel, H., Lewis, D., & Einarsdottir, A. (2014). The ups and downs of LGBs workplace experiences: discrimination, bullying and harassment of lesbian, gay and bisexual employees in Britain. Manchester: Manchester Business School.

Lee, R., & Brotheridge, C. (2006). When prey turns predatory: workplace bullying as a predictor of counter aggression/ bullying, coping, and wellbeing. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15:352–77.

Leymann, H. (1993). Mobbing- psychoterror am Arbeitspaltz und wie man sich dagegen wehren kann (Mobbing – psychoterror in the workplace and how one can defend oneself). Reinbeck: Rowohlt.

Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 165–184.

Liefooghe, A.P.D., & Mackenzie-Davey, K. (2001). ‘Accounts of Workplace Bullying: The Role of the Organization,’ European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 375–392.

Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMPI-2 configurations among victims of bullying at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10:467–84.

Samnani, A., & Singh, P. (2014). Performance-enhancing compensation practices and employee productivity : The role of workplace bullying. Human Resource Management Review, 24, 5-16.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1972). "Learned helplessness". Annual Review of Medicine. 23 (1): 407–412. 

Zapf, D., & Gross, C. (2001). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: a replication and extension. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 10:497–522.

Case Laws

Majrowski v Guy’s and St Thomas’s NHS Trust [2006], UKHL, 34 

Harvest Press Ltd v McCaffrey [1999] IRLR 778 

Bickerstaff v Butcher NIIT/92/14

Balducci, C., Alfano, V., & Fraccaroli, F. (2009). Relationships between mobbing at work and MMPI-2 personality profile, posttraumatic stress symptoms and suicidal ideation and behaviour. Violence and Victims, 24(1), 52-67.

Chappell, D., & Di Martino, V. (2006). Violence at Work (3rd Edn). International Labour Organisation, Geneva.

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_publ_9221108406_en.pdf
https://www.workplacebullying.org/individuals/problem/definition/

Dahl, J., & Wilson, K. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the treatment of persons at risk for long-term disability resulting from stress and pain symptoms: A preliminary randomised trial. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 785-801.

Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice. London: Taylor & Francis, 3–30.

Hoel, H., Rayner, C., & Cooper, C. L. (1999). Workplace bullying. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 14: 195–230.

Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C.L. (2011). ‘The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition’, in S. Einarsen, H, Hoel, D. Zapf and C.L. Cooper (eds), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory Research and Practice. London: CRC Press.

Harrington, S., Rayner, C., & Warren, S. (2012). Too hot to handle -Trust and human resource practitioners implementation of anti-bullying policy. Human Resource Management Journal, 22(4), 392-408.

Harvey, S., & Keashly, L. (2003). Predicting the risk for aggression in the workplace: Risk factors, self-esteem and time at work. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 807–814.Mitchell, R. J., & Bates, P. (2011). Measuring Health-Related Productivity Loss. Population Health Management, 14(2), 93-98.

Hershcovis, S. M. (2010). ‘Incivility, social undermining, bullying…oh my!: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research’, Journal of Occupational behaviour, 32, 499-519.

Hogh, A., Mikkelsen, E.G., & Hansen, A.M. (2011). Individual consequences of workplace bullying/mobbing. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 107-128). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Kivimäki, K., Elovainio, M., & Vathera, J. (2000). Workplace bullying and sickness absence in hospital staff. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57,656-660.

Lewis, D. (2004). Bullying at work: The impact of shame among university and college lecturers. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 32, 281–299.

Mowrer, O. H., & Viek, P. (1948). An experimental analogue of fear from a sense of helplessness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 193–200.

Ortega, A., Christensen, K. B., Hogh, A., Rugulies, R., & Borg, V. (2011). One year prospective study on the effect of workplace bullying on long-term sickness absence. Journal of  Nursing Management, 19:752–759.

In the first part of the episode, a definition of what goal setting was introduced and also an introduction of the five basic principles of goal- setting as proposed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. https://www.amazon.com/Theory-Goal-Setting-Task-Performance/dp/0139131388

In the second and third parts of the podcast, the two models introduced are

GROW - Goals, Reality, Options/Opportunities and Will/Way Forward 
SMART - Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-based

In the fourth, I share three pitfalls based on my experience working with individuals. The information shared under the 1st pitfall derived from the principles used in the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT for short). To learn more about ACT, I would recommend the following books

1) The Happiness Trap - Russ Harris
2) The Essential Guide to the ACT Matrix - Kevin Polk and Benjamin Schoendorff
3) The Mindful and Effective Employee - Paul Flaxman, Frank Bond and Fredrik Livheim