Host Leslie Poston explains that no one is immune to propaganda, using her own initial approval of a proposal to revoke passports for unpaid child support as an example of how emotional framing can short-circuit deeper thinking. She argues effective propaganda relies on a grain of truth and an emotional trigger, using agenda-setting to shape what people think about and how, and distinguishes agitation propaganda (fast, gut-response) from integration propaganda (slow, worldview-shaping). She describes how moral conviction, motivated reasoning, and cognitive fluency can recruit analytical skill to defend prior conclusions, making simple frames feel both right and true. She warns that vague mechanisms attached to sympathetic victims can expand beyond intent, citing civil asset forfeiture and welfare fraud provisions, and offers habits: slow down on strong emotions, ask who’s missing from the frame, examine the mechanism and recourse, reject forced binaries, and note topics where scrutiny feels disloyal.

00:00 No One Is Immune
00:35 Passport Law Gut Reaction
02:15 Propaganda Uses Truth
03:08 Agitation vs Integration
04:55 Moral Conviction Trigger
06:26 Fluency Feels Like Truth
07:30 Framing Hides Mechanisms
08:42 Policy History Examples
09:33 Five Anti Propaganda Habits
12:10 Create the Thinking Gap
12:41 Closing and Subscribe

Host Leslie Poston explains the phenomenon of moral licensing: after people do something that affirms their identity as a good person, the brain registers progress toward a moral goal, reducing self-regulatory effort and making later unethical choices more likely, sometimes in unrelated domains. Using a fitness “daily budget” analogy, the episode describes evidence from environmental psychology (green purchases followed by increased lying and cheating), research on racial bias (publicly demonstrating egalitarian credentials followed by more biased choices), activism (low-cost visible actions reducing motivation for harder follow-through), and organizational contexts (leaders with strong ethical self-identities engaging in minor violations because identity buffers self-concept). Poston emphasizes the effect is unconscious, doesn’t require bad intentions, and calls for attention to the misleading feeling of having “done your part.”

00:00 Welcome and Topic Setup
00:40 What Is Moral Licensing
01:34 Virtue as a Budget
02:46 Green Choices Backfire
04:53 Licensing and Racial Bias
06:58 Activism and Workplace Ethics
08:28 Why the Brain Does It
10:44 Spotting It in Yourself
11:51 Wrap Up and Sign Off

Host Leslie Poston discusses how algorithmic recommendation systems have replaced everyday accidental discovery, reducing serendipity and narrowing what people encounter. The episode explains psychological and neuroscience research showing novelty’s role in motivation, attention, learning, and memory (including locus coeruleus activation), the inverted-U relationship between complexity and curiosity, and how habituation can flatten engagement when stimuli stay too familiar. Poston contrasts this with the mere exposure effect (Zajonc) and processing fluency, arguing platforms reinforce and shape preferences through repeated exposure, producing “adjacent novelty” rather than true surprise. She links personalization to self-concept via the looking-glass self and self-perception theory, describing identity-shaping pipelines, and argues personalization reduces shared cultural overlap, contributing to epistemological fragmentation. Practical suggestions include turning off autoplay, browsing physical spaces, reading outside one’s interests, and holding preferences lightly to preserve room for the unexpected.

VOTE HERE UNTIL APRIL 30th! We're nominated for a Women in Podcasting Award!

00:00 Welcome and Setup
01:16 What Serendipity Means
02:03 From Browsing to Algorithms
03:10 Novelty and Learning Science
05:12 Mere Exposure and Reinforced Taste
07:48 Adjacent Novelty Trap
09:29 Algorithms and Identity Mirrors
11:55 Shared Culture and Fragmentation
13:33 Agency and Slow Effects
16:37 Reclaiming the Unexpected
18:34 Closing Thoughts
19:19 Outro and Subscribe

Host Leslie Poston discusses a CNN investigation into an “online rape academy,” including a Telegram group called ZZZ where nearly 1,000 men allegedly coordinated drugging and sexual assault, shared footage, discussed substances and dosages, and advertised paid live streams; while ZZZ was taken down, the U.S.-hosted site Motherless remains public, drawing about 62 million visits in February and hosting 20,000+ videos tagged with phrases like “passed out” and “eyecheck.” Poston connects this to the Dominique Pelicot case and argues the network has migrated and grown, including related misogynistic trends on TikTok. She critiques the male-dominated focus on disputing the “62 million” figure as moral disengagement and “semantic derailment,” linking it to betrayal trauma, social invalidation, and women’s hypervigilance. Poston argues these reactions provide social permission that enables perpetrators and calls for sustained engagement and pressure so “shame must change sides.”

VOTE HERE UNTIL APRIL 30th!

00:00 Welcome to PsyberSpace
00:30 CNN Rape Academy Exposed
01:41 Motherless Still Online
02:43 Pelicot Case Parallels
03:46 The Numbers Distraction
05:22 Moral Disengagement Explained
06:49 Betrayal Trauma and Dismissal
08:44 Invalidation and Hypervigilance
10:23 Same System Continuum
12:19 Community Collusion and Cover
13:06 What Real Response Looks Like
13:49 Closing and Call to Action

Host Leslie Poston examines the ethical and psychological costs of reality and reality-adjacent TV that relies on deception or engineered conflict, arguing the key issue is whether harm is built into a show’s format rather than whether it is scripted. Using Jury Duty as an example of compromised informed consent and Survivor as an example of formats that reward manipulation, humiliation, and betrayal, she asks what it does to participants and to audiences when cruelty is reframed as “gameplay.” She discusses contestant harms (disorientation, stress, surveillance, reputational damage through editing, and minimal compensation) and viewer effects (social learning, desensitization, parasocial attachment, and moral distancing). She contrasts Squid Game as an explicit critique of exploitation and argues profit, contracts, and aftercare do not equal ethical permission, calling for standards centered on consent, dignity, and psychological safety.

VOTE HERE UNTIL APRIL 30th!

00:00 Reality TV Ethics
01:47 Harm Built In
03:41 Deception and Consent
06:12 Survivor and Cruelty
08:18 Contestant Fallout
10:57 How Viewers Change
13:19 Culture and Squid Game
15:11 Profit Over People
16:21 Better Standards
18:00 Closing and Callouts

Host Leslie Poston explains how “AI slop” is industrial-scale synthetic content optimized for volume and fast reactions rather than accuracy or usefulness, ranging from keyword-stuffed articles and fake reviews to fabricated quotes, fake images, and targeted deepfake audio/video. She argues it exploits cognitive shortcuts like attentional capture and processing fluency, creating decision fatigue, weakening deliberate “system two” thinking, and making it harder to suppress irrelevant junk. Repetition fuels the illusory truth effect, increasing perceived accuracy even with fact-check labels and eroding a shared factual baseline. Platforms’ variable-ratio, slot-machine-like feeds reward engagement regardless of truth, selecting for reaction-triggering slop and crowding out careful human work, with documented economic harms to creators and a sense of hollowness or “existential vacuum” for audiences. Poston recommends protecting cognitive resources by spending less time in algorithmic feeds, curating sources, seeking deeper work, and notes a Wharton paper on “cognitive surrender,” plus her 2026 Women in Podcasting nomination.

VOTE HERE UNTIL APRIL 30th!

00:00 What AI Slop Looks Like
01:09 Industrial Scale Deception
03:04 Brain Shortcuts Exploited
04:52 Decision Fatigue Online
06:35 Illusory Truth Effect
09:14 Slot Machine Feeds
11:35 Emotional Meaning Drain
13:45 Creators and Authenticity
15:06 Verification Tax and Society
16:10 Protect Your Attention
17:53 Cognitive Surrender Study
18:22 Wrap Up and Support

Wharton Paper on Cognitive Surrender

Host Leslie Poston reviews two jury verdicts finding Meta liable for harming children: a New Mexico case ordering $375 million in civil penalties for concealing knowledge about child sexual exploitation and mental health impacts, and a Los Angeles negligence case where Meta and YouTube were found liable and Kaylee was awarded $6 million for worsened anxiety and depression from compulsive use starting at ages 6 and 9. Poston cites internal Meta research (Project Myst) and communications likening effects to drugs and gambling, arguing the fine is negligible versus Meta’s $201B revenue. She critiques rapid policy pivots to age verification and digital ID laws, describing requirements like government ID uploads and biometrics via third parties as surveillance, easily bypassed with VPNs, and harmful to those needing anonymity. She notes Meta’s lobbying and covert funding for age-verification groups, and offers questions about beneficiaries, fit to harm, psychology of surveillance, non-technological causes, exposure, and real accountability.

00:00 Welcome and Overview
00:30 Jury Verdicts Against Meta
01:41 Evidence and Accountability Gap
03:00 Policy Pivot to Age Verification
04:11 Surveillance and Anonymity Risks
06:01 Why Our Brains Accept Bad Fixes
08:34 Meta Lobbying and Hidden Incentives
09:40 Five Questions to Ask
12:34 Closing Thoughts

00:00 Why Give 100%
01:06 Protestant Work Ethic
03:18 No Evidence Just Inherited
04:20 The Math of Depletion
04:52 Four Day Week Proof
06:59 Reserve Beats Extraction
07:49 Unequal Starting Baselines
08:08 Allostatic Load Explained
10:25 Remote Work Stress Relief
11:42 Neurodivergent Hidden Costs
13:14 Masking and Autistic Burnout
15:39 Self Care Myth
16:15 Maslach Burnout Research
19:32 Why the Norm Persists
20:04 Sustainable Performance Science
21:38 A Question for Yourself
22:26 Evidence Based Changes
22:59 Give 60% Closing
23:11 Sign Off

Host Leslie Poston argues that “common sense” is often used to end conversations and universalize one person’s perception rather than provide evidence. She explains this through naïve realism (people experience their perceptions as objective reality), embodied cognition (gut intuitions shaped by bodily and lived experience), and positionality (social location shapes what becomes perceptually salient). She cites the “WEIRD” problem in psychology showing many supposedly universal findings don’t generalize across cultures, and connects “common sense” to Gramsci’s hegemony, where dominant-group assumptions become normalized as natural and inevitable. Without endorsing relativism, she notes motivated reasoning can make conclusions feel obvious before scrutiny. She closes with a practical test for sussing out “common sense” claims.

00:00 Common Sense Setup
02:04 Obvious as Default
03:27 Naive Realism Lens
06:17 Embodied Intuition
08:28 Positional Blind Spots
10:04 WEIRD Not Universal
14:08 Common Sense as Power
17:16 Not Relativism
18:03 Motivated Reasoning
20:10 One Key Question
21:13 Practical Takeaways
23:56 Closing and Next Week

Host Leslie Poston examines why so many adults and teens are using LLM chatbots like ChatGPT and Claude as friends, therapy substitutes, or romantic stand-ins, linking it to eroding community, expensive and inaccessible mental health care, and tech incentives optimized for engagement. Citing Meta’s engagement-driven practices and data harms as an example of industry patterns, she argues similar incentives shape AI “support” tools with little clinical oversight. She discusses attachment theory, parasocial dynamics, and research showing dependency trajectories and correlations between higher daily AI use and greater loneliness and reduced real-world socialization, with chatbots tending to validate rumination rather than promote reappraisal. She highlights lethal failure cases involving suicide encouragement and prolonged affirmation during crises, notes harms also affect adults, critiques child-focused age-verification bills as privacy-eroding surveillance, and points to targeted interventions (e.g., NY’s AI companion requirements) and clinicians asking about AI use, emphasizing real community connection as the root solution.

00:00 AI as Confidant
01:28 Why People Turn to Bots
02:56 Engagement First Tech History
05:40 Psychology of AI Attachment
07:49 Dependence and Loneliness Data
10:29 When Affirmation Turns Deadly
12:47 Adults at Risk Too
15:36 Child Safety Bills and Age Checks
19:23 What Actually Helps
21:39 Closing and Call to Action

Host Leslie Poston examines a hidden psychological cost of “forever wars”: they don’t just create fear and grief, they change how people relate to time—shrinking hope, planning, and the ability to believe in tomorrow. She explains how chronic threat and recurring escalation can trap individuals and whole societies in emergency mode, erode trust in institutions, and create a sense of democratic powerlessness, citing January 2026 U.S. polling from Quinnipiac showing over 85% of voters opposed military action against Iran. The episode also explores how constant media exposure, moral implication in state violence, and the normalization of instability shape adults and children alike. Poston closes by arguing that resilience isn’t enough without public conditions that restore agency—real ceasefires, accountability, and functioning community supports that make a future feel livable again.

00:00 Welcome and Setup
00:48 War Shrinks Tomorrow
02:11 Defining Forever War
03:19 Powerlessness and Consent
04:26 Future Orientation Explained
06:22 Foreshortened Future
08:17 Time Disorientation
09:57 Cascading Social Damage
13:14 Politics and Authoritarian Drift
14:16 Media Exposure and Implication
16:19 Children Inherit Instability
18:10 Expanding the Future Again
20:14 Closing and Call to Action

Host Leslie Poston discusses the psychological impact of seeing the names of people you once admired or trusted in the Epstein files. Poston examines why revelations connected to the Epstein files can feel psychologically destabilizing, especially when they involve admired public figures and trusted institutions. Drawing on research in power and social perception, implicit cognition, moral disengagement, parasocial relationships, and betrayal trauma, the episode explores how people and systems can minimize harm, avoid accountability, and sustain “looking away,” and discusses grief, anger, and disillusionment as part of responding clearly to what the files document.

00:00 Welcome + Content Warning: Losing Our Heroes in the Epstein Revelations
00:50 What the Epstein Files Really Represent (Not a ‘Scandal’)
02:30 The Eugenics Ideology Behind the Network’s Power
03:34 Why It Went On for Decades: Power, Attention, and Elite Blindness
05:11 Implicit Cognition & ‘Motivated Not Knowing’ Among Ethical Public Figures
08:25 How Media & Religion Train Us to Soften Abuse (Moral Disengagement)
11:25 Parasocial Grief, Cognitive Dissonance, and Identity Shame
13:57 Betrayal Trauma: Survivors, Institutions, and Why Accountability Matters
16:02 Recovering After Disillusionment: Grief, Anger, and Clear-Eyed Demands
18:06 Closing

Host Leslie Poston closes PsyberSpace’s three-part series on American authoritarianism by focusing on the psychology of sustained resistance. Drawing on findings that real-world bystander intervention occurs in most incidents, she distinguishes one-time helping from long-term collective action and uses Minneapolis as an example of ongoing community response to state violence. She reviews research suggesting risk can increase commitment when paired with anger at repression and a belief that participation matters, and argues effective resistance relies on pre-existing collective efficacy built through repeated small acts of trust and mutual aid. She references Havel’s idea of “living in truth,” where refusing to perform compliance with obvious lies creates a growing space where propaganda fails. Poston also outlines factors that sustain activism under repression: emotional solidarity, alternative information/documentation sources as “epistemic infrastructure,” tactical flexibility, and the belief that others share one’s perception of reality. She also discusses the danger of pluralistic ignorance and discusses Erica Chenoweth’s research on civil resistance, including the higher historical success of nonviolent movements and cautions about overinterpreting the 3.5% threshold and changing success rates in the 2010s. Poston emphasizes diverse roles and tactics (street protest, documentation, legal support, sanctuary, labor action, and local noncooperation) and ends with practical guidance: build community relationships before crisis, maintain reality-testing against gaslighting, and choose an appropriate role to make dissent visible.

00:00 Welcome Back + What This Finale Covers
01:05 Beyond the Bystander Effect: What Sustained Resistance Requires
02:41 Risk, Anger, and Why Danger Can Fuel Commitment
03:47 Collective Efficacy: The Trust Built Before the Crisis
05:41 “Living in Truth”: Refusing to Perform the Lie
07:35 4 Keys to Staying Engaged Under Repression
10:17 Mass Participation, Nonviolence, and Diversity of Tactics
12:15 Practical Takeaways: Build Community, Protect Reality, Find Your Role
14:29 Series Wrap-Up + Final Thoughts and Next Episode Tease

In this episode of PsyberSpace®, host Leslie Poston explores why authoritarian regimes tell obvious lies that contradict available video evidence and their psychological impact on the public. The discussion digs into how such lies serve to dominate rather than persuade, sorting the population, degrading shared reality, and forcing individuals to either accept the lie, stay quiet, or openly reject it. The episode also touches on concepts like institutional gaslighting, epistemic violence, and moral injury, highlighting the social costs and potential resilience strategies against these tactics. The upcoming part three will focus on the psychology of resistance and collective action.

00:00 Introduction to Authoritarian Lies
00:36 The Psychology Behind Obvious Lies
01:44 Propaganda and Domination
02:25 Sorting the Population
03:08 Degrading Shared Reality
03:37 Forcing a Choice
04:22 Institutional Gaslighting
05:05 Epistemology of Ignorance
06:32 Racist Gaslighting
08:02 Moral Injury and Exhaustion
10:14 The Cost of Dissent
12:27 Social Connection as Resistance
14:22 The Power of Documentation
14:53 The Vulnerability of Obvious Lies
15:24 Looking Ahead: The Psychology of Resistance
15:46 Conclusion and Sign Off

In the first part of a special three-episode series on PsyberSpace®, host Leslie Poston examines the psychology of authoritarianism with a focus on the expansion of state violence in the United States. Highlighting the significance of understanding how psychological patterns predict such outcomes, Leslie discusses recent events involving federal immigration agents and names the victims to humanize the statistics. She delves into various research by black scholars and others on moral exclusion, implicit bias, police violence, and the mechanisms behind systematic racism. The episode underscores the importance of recognizing and acting against the contraction of the moral circle and prepares the audience for the next episode on the psychology of manufactured reality.

00:00 Introduction to American Authoritarianism
01:11 Documenting State Violence
03:02 Moral Exclusion and Dehumanization
05:43 Intersectionality and Systemic Racism
06:37 Expanding Carceral State
11:21 Survivor Psychology and Clarity
13:13 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

Research will be added to PsyberSpace later this week

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the ineffectiveness and risks of age gates and digital ID verification systems aimed at protecting children online. Highlighting global legislative attempts and their unintended consequences, Poston argues that these measures often exacerbate digital risks while failing to address root causes such as inadequate parental capacity, literacy deficiencies, and systemic economic struggles. The episode challenges the moral panic around social media's impact on youth mental health, pointing out that true protection requires structural change rather than symbolic, ineffective solutions.

00:00 Introduction and Data Breach Experiment
01:09 Global Push for Age Gates and Digital ID Verification
02:24 Moral Panic and Media Influence
02:51 Scientific Evidence on Social Media and Youth Wellbeing
07:02 The Real Issues: Parenting Capacity and Literacy Crisis
09:35 The Illusion of Control: Age Gates and Surveillance
14:09 Effective Solutions and Structural Change
15:27 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode of PsyberSpace®, host Leslie Poston explores the unintended consequences of debate formats in media, arguing that they often function as tools to distribute and legitimize harmful ideas rather than dismantling them with facts. Poston discusses psychological principles such as social proof, the illusory truth effect, and the continued influence effect to explain why debates can amplify bad ideas. She advocates for alternative approaches such as weight of evidence framing, pre-bunking tactics, and audience-centered harm reduction to effectively combat misinformation and reduce harm.

00:00 Introduction to Debate Content
01:14 The Unseen Consequences of Debates
02:06 The Psychology Behind Debate Failures
04:13 False Balance in Media
05:44 The Illusory Truth Effect
07:43 Debate as Entertainment
09:38 Incentives and Bad Faith Tactics
14:13 Strategies for Harm Reduction
16:20 Practical Tips for Responding to Misinformation
18:30 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode of PsyberSpace®, Leslie Poston discusses the systematic erosion of consent both online and offline, and its devastating psychological consequences. Key topics include non-consensual AI-generated sexual imagery, the mass theft of creative work to train AI systems, the exploitation of vulnerable individuals for social media content, and the influence of manosphere ideology on young men. Poston explores the dehumanization and objectification that results from these trends, the psychological theories behind them, and provides insights into moral disengagement and learned helplessness. The episode concludes with strategies for resisting these harmful practices and emphasizes the importance of maintaining and teaching respect for consent.

00:00 Introduction to the Erosion of Consent
01:15 Understanding Objectification and Its Harms
02:25 AI and Non-Consensual Imagery
05:20 Data Colonialism and Creative Theft
07:52 Exploitation for Social Media Clout
11:01 Manosphere Ideology and Consent
14:52 Surveillance and Privacy Violations
18:46 Psychological Consequences of Consent Erosion
23:08 Paths to Resistance and Hope
26:36 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research will be added to the PsyberSpace.com main website

In this episode of PsyberSpace®, host Leslie Poston kicks off season three with an in-depth exploration of several of the many therapy modalities available to you. Leslie discusses that therapy isn't a one-size-fits-all solution, emphasizing the importance of finding the right match between therapeutic modalities, the therapist, and individual needs. The episode covers various therapeutic approaches including CBT, DBT, psychodynamic therapy, EMDR, somatic experiencing, and psychedelic-assisted therapy, highlighting their benefits, limitations, and suitable candidates. Additionally, Leslie highlights the importance of community-based healing and the ethical considerations surrounding therapy. The episode offers practical advice on finding, vetting, and (if needed) firing therapists, and underscores the need for personalized and culturally sensitive therapeutic practices.

00:00 Introduction to Season Three: Therapy Insights
01:47 Setting the Context: Western Psychology vs. Indigenous Knowledge
04:37 Exploring Therapeutic Modalities: CBT and Its Limitations
07:28 Diving into DBT: Emotional Regulation and Skills-Based Therapy
08:39 Unpacking Psychodynamic Therapy: Deep Self-Understanding
09:54 EMDR: Trauma-Focused Therapy
11:45 Body-Centered Therapies: Somatic Approaches
13:48 Psychedelic Assisted Therapy: Emerging Field and Ethical Considerations
17:23 Community-Based Healing: Beyond Individual Therapy
20:58 Finding the Right Therapist: Questions and Red Flags
26:20 Firing Your Therapist: When and How to Move On
28:50 Conclusion: Your Healing Journey

Visit the main web site at PsyberSpace.com for the research and to comment on each episode. Research may take 48 hours to upload to the site, as we work to help make real research accessible and to defeat AI slop and AI fake citations.

00:00 Introduction to Family Estrangement
01:11 The Prevalence of Estrangement
03:18 Understanding the Reasons for Estrangement
05:24 Parental Perspectives on Estrangement
06:59 The Controversy of Parental Alienation
08:39 Cultural Shifts and Emotional Health
10:32 Pathways to Reconciliation
12:56 The Emotional Impact of Holidays
14:02 Final Thoughts and Takeaways

In this episode of PsyberSpace™, hosted by Leslie Poston, the focus is on the concept of trust in a rapidly changing world. Leslie digs into how societal trust is being undermined by 'engineered doubt', the deliberate creation of uncertainty by powerful forces that aim to destabilize public confidence in research, expertise, and evidence. The episode discusses the emotional and psychological impacts of this phenomenon on both the general public and researchers, the role of political pressure and misinformation, and how AI technologies amplify the problem. Leslie emphasizes the importance of recognizing these tactics, maintaining awareness, and finding reliable sources to rebuild trust. The episode serves as a guide to understanding the complex dynamics of trust in an age of misinformation and political manipulation.

00:00 Introduction to PsyberSpace
00:28 The Erosion of Trust in Modern Society
02:18 Engineered Doubt: Creating Uncertainty
02:47 Political Pressure on Research
04:56 The Silence Within the Research Community
08:16 The Role of AI in Amplifying Doubt
08:52 Health Consequences of Engineered Doubt
09:24 The Psychological Impact of Trust Erosion
10:15 Researchers Under Siege
11:50 The Collective Impact of Engineered Doubt
13:15 Finding Anchors in a Sea of Doubt
14:20 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research list will be on the main PsyberSpace™ site tomorrow

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston discusses 'thought limiting phrases'—statements that superficially seem wise but actually discourage critical thinking. These phrases often shut down debate, simplify complex issues, and create false equivalencies, benefiting those who want to avoid scrutiny. Leslie explores examples in technology, privacy, workplace dynamics, politics, and more, highlighting their psychological appeal and social impact. The episode also provides strategies for recognizing and challenging these phrases to promote deeper inquiry and nuanced understanding.

00:00 Introduction: AI vs. Calculator
00:39 Welcome to PsyberSpace
00:48 Understanding Thought Limiting Phrases
02:13 Examples in Technology and Progress
03:42 Privacy and Surveillance Phrases
04:19 Workplace and Fatalism Phrases
05:06 Political and Personal Responsibility Phrases
06:34 Information Landscape Phrases
07:42 Cognitive Mechanisms Behind Thought Limiting Phrases
11:25 Deep Dive: AI is Just a Tool
16:25 Fighting Back Against Thought Limiting Phrases
19:47 Conclusion and Call to Action

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the phenomenon of limerence, a state of intense, often obsessive longing that is frequently mistaken for love. Leslie explores how limerence manifests and differs from love and lust, particularly in neurodivergent individuals and those with trauma. The discussion covers the impact of modern technology and social media in intensifying these feelings. Practical advice is offered for managing and overcoming limerence, emphasizing the importance of grounding oneself in reality and seeking support when needed.

00:00 Introduction to Limerence
00:42 Understanding Limerence
02:27 Limerence in Neurodivergent Individuals
07:22 The Role of Social Media
09:14 Parasocial Relationships and Limerence
10:52 The Emotional Impact of Limerence
12:53 Breaking the Limerent Loop
15:48 Factors Contributing to Limerence
16:57 Conclusion and Resources

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the mainstream adoption of 'therapy speak,' explaining its beneficial role in self-understanding and mental health awareness. The script discusses the expansion of psychological terminology into everyday conversations and its revolutionary impact on self-diagnosis, especially among marginalized communities. However, it also addresses the potential misuse of therapy language in relationships, politics, and workplaces to avoid accountability and manipulate others. Leslie outlines how to spot these manipulations and emphasizes the importance of using psychological awareness responsibly to facilitate growth and understanding.

00:00 Introduction to Therapy Speak
00:35 The Rise of Therapy Speak in Everyday Life
01:39 The Benefits of Self-Diagnosis
02:00 The Dark Side: Weaponizing Therapy Speak
02:29 Historical Context and Concept Creep
04:14 The Digital Revolution and Mental Health
07:24 Recognizing Weaponized Therapy Speak in Relationships
11:03 Therapy Speak in Politics
14:13 Therapy Speak in the Workplace
17:33 Framework for Identifying Weaponized Therapy Speak
19:14 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

Resources:

Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399-408.
Haslam, N. (2016). Concept creep: Psychology's expanding concepts of harm and pathology. Psychological Inquiry, 27(1), 1-17. 
Haslam, N., McGrath, M. J., Viechtbauer, W., & Kuppens, P. (2020). Harm inflation: Making sense of concept creep. European Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 254-286.
Haslam, N., Tse, J. S. Y., & De Deyne, S. (2021). Concept creep and psychiatrization. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 806147. 
Hudon, A., Perry, K., Plate, A. S., Doucet, A., Ducharme, L., Djona, O., Testart Aguirre, C., Evoy, G., Stip, E., & Abdel-Baki, A. (2025). Navigating the maze of social media disinformation on psychiatric illness and charting paths to reliable information for mental health professionals: Observational study of TikTok videos. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e64225. 
Kirkpatrick, C. E., & Lawrie, L. L. (2024). TikTok as a source of health information and misinformation for young women in the United States: Survey study. JMIR Infodemiology, 4, e54663. 
McGrath, Melanie & Haslam, Nick. (2020). Development and validation of the Harm Concept Breadth Scale: Assessing individual differences in harm inflation. PLOS ONE. 15. e0237732. 10.1371/journal.pone.0237732. 
McCashin, D., Coyle, D., & Murphy, C. M. (2023). Using TikTok for public and youth mental health: A systematic review and content analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26, 279-306.
Omidbakhsh Z, Mohammadi Z, Soltanabadi S. Childhood Maltreatment and Complex PTSD: A Systematic Literature Review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2025 May 18:15248380251320985. doi: 10.1177/15248380251320985. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40383965.
Cai, D. (2023, June 26). Esther Perel Thinks All This amateur Therapy-Speak is Just Making Us Lonelier. Vanity Fair. Retrieved from https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/06/esther-perel-amateur-therapy-speak
Rameckers SA, van Emmerik AAP, Bachrach N, Lee CW, Morina N, Arntz A. The impact of childhood maltreatment on the severity of childhood-related posttraumatic stress disorder in adults. Child Abuse Negl. 2021 Oct;120:105208. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105208. Epub 2021 Jul 28. PMID: 34332332.
Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L. J., Ford, J. D., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., ... & Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(S1), S18-S28.
Turuba, R., Cormier, W., Zimmerman, R., Ow, N., Zenone, M., Quintana, Y., ... & Barbic, S. (2024). Exploring how youth use TikTok for mental health information in British Columbia: Semistructured interview study with youth. JMIR Infodemiology, 4, e53233.
Vylomova, E., Murphy, S., & Haslam, N. (2019). Evaluation of semantic change of harm-related concepts in psychology. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change (pp. 29-34). Association for Computational Linguistics.
Yeung, A., Ng, E., & Abi-Jaoude, E. (2022). TikTok and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study of social media content quality. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(12), 899-906. 

In this final episode of the 'Entropy Age' series on PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores strategies for maintaining hope and taking action amidst systemic chaos and decay. She discusses the psychological underpinnings of hope, the impact of systemic entropy on the nervous system, and the concept of tactical whimsy. Poston emphasizes the importance of building small, supportive rituals and finding your role in collective action. The episode offers insights into balancing self-care with social resistance, aiming to empower listeners to make meaningful changes even in turbulent times.

00:00 Introduction to the Entropy Age Series
00:28 Recap of Previous Episodes
01:12 Exploring Reasonable Hope
03:17 Understanding Self-Determination Theory
04:49 Impact of Systemic Entropy on the Body
07:20 The Role of Tactical Whimsy
09:26 When to Move Beyond Small-Scale Actions
13:06 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

Resources:

Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75–78.
Chenoweth, E., & Stephan, M. J. (2011). Why civil resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict. Columbia University Press.
Collins, P. H. (2009). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 1–53). Academic Press.
Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1–23.
Haslam, Catherine & Cruwys, Tegan & Haslam, S. & Jetten, Jolanda. (2015). Social Connectedness and Health. 10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_46-2. 
Jetten, J., Haslam, C., & Haslam, S. A. (Eds.). (2012). The social cure: Identity, health and well-being. Psychology Press.
McMillan Cottom, T. (2019). Thick: And other essays. New York, NY: The New Press.
Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 116–143.
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275.
Spade, D. (2020). Mutual aid: Building solidarity during this crisis (and the next). Verso.
Spencer, R. C. (2008). Engendering the Black freedom struggle: Revolutionary Black womanhood and the Black Panther Party in the Bay Area, California. Journal of Women’s History, 20(1), 90–113.
Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1–17.

Welcome back to PsyberSpace with Leslie Poston. In this fourth episode of a five-part series on living through the entropy age, we dig into the psychology of power in chaotic times. We explore how social dominance orientation, hoarding mindsets, and authoritarian tendencies allow some leaders to thrive amidst instability. We also discuss mechanisms of moral disengagement that turn harmful actions into perceived necessities, and the psychological costs of this behavior on society. This episode provides insights into how these patterns shape the behavior of power-holders and offer a lens to understand current socio-political dynamics. Join us next time as we conclude the series by exploring responses to entropy and how small forms of order and resistance persist.

00:00 Introduction to the Entropy Series
00:33 Recap of Previous Episodes
01:04 Exploring Power in Chaotic Conditions
02:06 Hoarding Power in Decaying Systems
05:17 Authoritarian Tendencies and Manufactured Order
08:40 Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement
11:46 The Psychological Costs of Power Hoarding
13:54 Conclusion and Looking Ahead

Resources:

Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press. 

Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. 

Christl, M. E., Pham, K. T., Rosenthal, A., & DePrince, A. P. (2024). When institutions harm those who depend on them: A scoping review of institutional betrayal. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. Advance online publication. 

Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 771–784. 

Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(11), 4086–4091. 

Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763. 

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press. 

Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. American Psychologist, 69(6), 575–587. 

Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. Cambridge University Press. 

In the third part of the PsyberSpace series on entropy, host Leslie Poston delves into 'epistemic entropy,' exploring how your sense of reality is impacted by chaotic information systems and media. The episode discusses the brain's role as a prediction machine, the strain caused by conflicting information, and the concept of epistemic injustice. Leslie also examines how digital platforms shape our thought processes and offers practical advice for maintaining clarity and agency in an environment overwhelmed by biased and manipulative information streams.

00:00 Introduction to PsyberSpace
00:28 Recap of Previous Episodes
00:59 Understanding Epistemic Entropy
02:29 The Brain as a Prediction Machine
04:19 Information Overload and Pattern Anxiety
05:25 Epistemic Injustice and Power Dynamics
08:39 The Extended Mind and Digital Tools
10:54 Coping Strategies for Epistemic Entropy
13:34 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

Resources:

Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 

Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–23. 

Barrett, L. F. (2025). The theory of constructed emotion: More than a feeling. Current Opinion in Psychology, 53, 101817. 

Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. J. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7–19. 

Dotson, K. (2014). Conceptualizing epistemic oppression. Social Epistemology, 28(2), 115–138. 

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press. 

Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138. 

Friston, K. (2009). The free-energy principle: A rough guide to the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(7), 293–301. 

Clark, A. (2015). Radical predictive processing. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 53(S1), 3–27. 

McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2013). The brain on stress: Vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron, 79(1), 16–29. 

Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(1), 105–114. 

Tufekci, Z. (2015). Algorithmic harms beyond Facebook and Google: Emergent challenges of computational agency. Colorado Technology Law Journal, 13, 203–218. 

Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. 

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353–369. 

Starbird, K. (2017). Examining the alternative media ecosystem through the production of alternative narratives of mass shooting events on Twitter. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 230–239. 

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the concept of the 'Entropy Age' and its impact on mental health. The discussion covers how the decay of institutions like governments, healthcare, education, and information systems affects people's mental models and trust. Key topics include collective trauma, institutional betrayal, and capitalist realism. The episode explains how layered systems' failures and short-term survival thinking contribute to psychological stress, influencing individuals' perceptions of stability and future possibilities.

00:00 Introduction to the Entropy Age Series
00:51 Understanding Institutional and Economic Decay
02:15 Nested Systems and Digital Worlds
03:42 The Impact of System Decay on Daily Life
07:28 Collective Trauma and Institutional Betrayal
10:36 Capitalist Realism and Its Psychological Effects
12:37 Temporal Discounting and Short-Term Thinking
13:59 Recognizing Patterns and Moving Forward
15:44 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

Resources:

Navarro, J. & Tudge, J.R.H. (2022) Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-Ecological Theory. Current Psychology. 21:1-17
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist realism: Is there no alternative? Zero Books.
Ribeiro, W. S., Bauer, A., Andrade, M. C. R., York-Smith, M., Pan, P. M., et al. (2017). Income inequality and mental illness-related morbidity and resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(7), 554–562.
Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1441.
Irvine, A., & Rose, N. (2024). How does precarious employment affect mental health? A scoping review and thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence from Western economies. Work, Employment and Society, 38(2), 418–441.
Rakesh, D., Shiba, K., Lamont, M., Lund, C., Pickett, K. E., VanderWeele, T. J., & Patel, V. (2025). Economic inequality and mental health: Causality, mechanisms, and interventions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 21, 353–377.
Rakesh, D., et al. (2025). Macroeconomic income inequality, brain structure and function, and mental health. Nature Mental Health. Advance online publication.
Li, M., Leidner, B., Hirschberger, G., & Park, J. (2023). From threat to challenge: Understanding the impact of historical collective trauma on contemporary intergroup conflict. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(1), 190–209.
Patel, V., Burns, J. K., Dhingra, M., Tarver, L., Kohrt, B. A., & Lund, C. (2018). Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(1), 76–89.
Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). Dangerous safe havens: Institutional betrayal exacerbates sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 119–124.
Rönnblad, T., Grönholm, E., Jonsson, J., Koranyi, I., Orellana, C., Kreshpaj, B., Chen, L., Stockfelt, L., & Bodin, T. (2019). Precarious employment and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 45(5), 429–443.
Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. American Psychologist, 69(6), 575–587.

Host Leslie Poston of PsyberSpace introduces a five-episode series on the 'entropy age,' focusing on the psychological impact of living in an unstable world marked by late-stage capitalism, technological upheaval, and rising authoritarianism. This episode explores the concept of 'emotional entropy,' comparing it to physical entropy to describe the fraying of our inner lives. Key topics include existential anxiety, mortality, freedom, isolation, meaning, ontological insecurity, and anticipatory grief. Poston aims to validate the feelings of uncertainty and confusion that many experience, framing them as rational responses to current conditions rather than personal failures.

00:00 Introduction to the Entropy Age
01:01 Signs of a Fraying Future
02:04 Emotional Entropy Explained
04:50 Existential Psychology and Modern Life
07:12 Coping Mechanisms and Responses
08:56 Ontological Insecurity and Anticipatory Grief
11:56 Validating Emotional Reactions
13:43 Conclusion and Next Steps

Resources:

Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. Free Press.
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189–212). Springer.
Laing, R. D. (1960). The divided self: An existential study in sanity and madness. Penguin Books.
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Thirty years of terror management theory: From genesis to revelation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 1–70.
Rando, T. A. (2000). Clinical dimensions of anticipatory mourning: Theory and practice in working with the dying, their loved ones, and their caregivers. Research Press.
Campos, R., & Martins, J. C. (2024). Ontological insecurity and urgency as a political value: Discourses of youth climate activists in Portugal. Globalizations. Advance online publication
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.
Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. Jossey-Bass.
Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101(2), 141–148.
Lifton, R. J. (2019). Losing reality: On cults, cultism, and the mindset of political and religious zealotry. The New Press.
von Wirth, T. (2025). Ontological (in)security and sustainability transitions: A theoretical perspective and future research prospects. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 57, 101042.
Kübler-Ross, E., & Kessler, D. (2005). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Scribner.
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2004). The cultural animal: Twenty years of terror management theory and research. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 13–34). Guilford Press.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. Guilford Press.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores how our brains create different realities through predictive processing. The discussion includes concepts like the McGurk effect, the role of attention, and the impact of body states on perception. Poston explains how memory is a reconstruction influenced by current priors and how culture and language shape our prediction engines. The episode also addresses the implications for clinical settings, media influence, and the rise of DeepFakes. With practical tips for improving our prediction accuracy and updating our beliefs, this episode challenges the notion of objective perception and highlights the ethical stakes of our constructed realities.

00:00 Introduction: Living in Different Realities
00:20 The McGurk Effect: Seeing is Believing
03:47 Predictive Processing: How Brains Build Reality
09:10 Attention and Perception: The Invisible Gorilla
12:48 Interoception: Your Body Votes on Reality
16:33 Memory: Reconstructing the Past
19:46 Cultural Influence: Preloaded Predictions
23:28 Neurodiversity: Different Prediction Parameters
27:52 Manipulated Realities: Algorithms and DeepFakes
32:59 Collective Reality: Synchronizing Priors
37:12 Practical Steps: Flexibility and Accuracy
40:08 Ethical Implications: Life or Death Stakes
44:21 Conclusion: Stay Curious

McGurk Effect (video via BBC)
Green Needle Brainstorm Effect (video)

Resources

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Critchley, H. D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 7(2), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1176
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Fletcher, P. C., & Frith, C. D. (2009). Perceiving is believing: A Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2536
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Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787
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Allostatic Interoceptive Overload Across Psychiatric and ...

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston revisits the classic psychology concept of the bystander effect, challenging the common narrative of human apathy in groups. Starting with the infamous case of Kitty Genovese, Leslie digs into how exaggerations shaped public perception and spurred psychological research. The episode highlights recent studies showing that people often do intervene in emergencies, especially under clear and urgent threats, and how community ties and moral identity play pivotal roles in fostering collective courage. It emphasizes the power of individual actions to inspire group responses, debunking the myth of inevitable passivity and urging listeners to prepare and engage in acts of resistance against authoritarian harm.

00:00 Introduction to the Bystander Effect
00:31 The Kitty Genovese Case: Myth vs. Reality
01:55 Reevaluating the Bystander Effect
03:35 Classic Experiments on Group Behavior
05:01 Modern Research and Real-World Evidence
07:49 Community Bonds and Collective Efficacy
16:15 Digital Age: Online Bystander Effect and Resistance
17:33 Historical and Contemporary Examples of Resistance
22:08 Practical Steps for Personal and Community Action
24:25 Conclusion: The Power of Collective Courage

Resources:

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Ai, Y., Ismail, R., & Chong, S. T. (2024). A study of the bystander effect in different helping situations. Social Psychology and Society, 15(1), 127–136.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A., II. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1423–1440.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209.
Banyard, V., Mitchell, K. J., Goodman, K. L., & Ybarra, M. L. (2025). Bystanders to sexual violence: Findings from a national sample of sexual and gender diverse adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 40(5–6), 1221–1247. (Epub 2024)
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Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F., & Frey, D. (2006). The unresponsive bystander: Are bystanders more responsive in dangerous emergencies? European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 267–278.
Fischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., Heene, M., Wicher, M., & Kainbacher, M. (2011). The bystander-effect: A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 517–537.
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Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–27.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137.
Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 215–221.
Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? Appleton-Century Crofts.
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Manning, R., Levine, M., & Collins, A. (2007). The Kitty Genovese murder and the social psychology of helping: The parable of the 38 witnesses. American Psychologist, 62(6), 555–562.
Miller, D. T., & McFarland, C. (1987). Pluralistic ignorance: When similarity is interpreted as dissimilarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 298–305.
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Monroe, K. R. (2008). Cracking the code of genocide: The moral psychology of rescuers, bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust. Political Psychology, 29(5), 699–736.
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In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the psychology and future of work. The discussion highlights the benefits of remote and flexible work, shorter work weeks, universal basic income, and the importance of rest in creating healthy and productive work environments. Leslie explains how outdated work models are being challenged by new data and psychological insights, emphasizing that autonomy, flexibility, and psychological safety are key to higher productivity and well-being. The episode also critiques the motivations behind return-to-office mandates and the misuse of AI for layoffs, advocating for a shift toward work models that prioritize human flourishing.

00:00 Introduction: The Future of Work
01:02 The Benefits of Remote Work
03:00 The Push for Office Return
06:37 AI and Workforce Changes
08:24 The Four-Day Work Week
10:56 Universal Basic Income Experiments
13:13 The Importance of Rest
18:16 Psychological Safety and Team Dynamics
20:50 Rethinking Work Structures
23:12 Conclusion: Life First, Work Second

Resources:

American Psychological Association. (2021). 2021 Work and Well-being Survey. 

Bloom, N., Han, R., & Liang, J. (2024). Hybrid working from home improves retention without damaging performance. Nature, 630(8018), 920–925. 

Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165–218. 
Boston Consulting Group. (2025, February 4). GenAI doesn't just increase productivity. It expands capabilities. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2024/gen-ai-increases-productivity-and-expands-capabilities
CNBC. (2025, July 22). In recent layoffs, AI's role may be bigger than companies are letting on. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/20/in-job-losses-ais-role-may-be-bigger-than-companies-say.html
CNBC. (2025, October 19). Companies are blaming AI for job cuts. Critics say it's a 'good excuse' https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/19/firms-are-blaming-ai-for-job-cuts-critics-say-its-a-good-excuse.html

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press.

Duhigg, C. (2016, February 25). What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team. The New York Times Magazine.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. 
Fortune. (2025, August 8). AI-driven layoffs are on the rise as the job market shrinks for recent grads. https://fortune.com/2025/08/08/ai-layoffs-jobs-market-shrinks-entry-level/

Guðmundsson, H. J. (2021). Going public: Iceland's journey to a shorter working week. Autonomy & Alda. 

Haraldsson, G., Kellam, J., & Trickett, R. (2024). On firmer ground: Iceland's ongoing experience of shorter working weeks. Autonomy & Alda. 

Hersey, T. (2022). Rest is resistance: A manifesto. Little, Brown Spark.

Kangas, O., Jauhiainen, S., Simanainen, M., & Ylikännö, M. (Eds.). (2020). The basic income experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary results. Reports and Memorandums of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 2019:9. 

Lee, D.-W., & Ko, I.-S. (2023). Association of long commute time with mental health: A cross-sectional study using Korea Working Conditions Survey. Journal of Transport & Health, 32, 101659. 

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. 

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78

Sandow, E. (2011). On the road: Social aspects of commuting long distances to work [Doctoral dissertation, Umeå University]. DiVA.

Schor, J., Gu, G., Naidu, S., Rooney, R., Rodenhiser-Hill, J., West, K., Hocquet, L., Hunt, K., Shaughnessy, T., & Gursoz, E. (2023). The results are in: The UK's four-day week pilot. Autonomy.

Walker, M. (2017). Why we sleep: Unlocking the power of sleep and dreams. Scribner.

West, S., Castro Baker, A., Samra, S., & Coltrera, E. (2021). Preliminary analysis: SEED's first year. Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration.
World Economic Forum & PwC. (2024, November). Leveraging generative AI for job augmentation and workforce productivity. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/artificial-intelligence/wef-leveraging-generative-ai-for-job-augmentation-and-workforce-productivity-2024.pdf
World Economic Forum. (2025). The Future of Jobs Report 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/
Xiang, L., Peng, S., Mitchell, M., & Bernstein, M. S. (2025). Future of work with AI agents: Auditing automation and augmentation potential across the U.S. workforce. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.06576

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the fascinating world of talismans, lucky charms, and rituals. While these objects may seem irrational at first glance, psychological and anthropological insights reveal they significantly alter how our brains handle risk, uncertainty, and stress. From ancient warriors to modern surgeons and athletes, humans have always used symbolic objects to manage anxiety and enhance performance. This episode dives into the neuroscience of belief, the anthropology of ritual, and the line between helpful superstition and harmful compulsion. Discover how these practices, whether physical or digital, help us face uncertainty and regulate our emotions, anchoring us in chaotic situations.

00:00 Introduction to Talismans and Rituals
00:53 The Psychology Behind Talismans
01:27 Historical and Cultural Perspectives
02:39 Modern Examples and Psychological Mechanisms
05:24 Rituals in High-Stakes Professions
07:30 Sports and Performance Enhancement
10:30 The Placebo Effect and Physical Properties
13:25 Cultural Significance and Adaptation
16:20 When Rituals Become Unhealthy
19:40 Digital Age Talismans
22:14 Conclusion: The Power of Belief

References

Atkinson, P. (1981). The clinical experience: The construction and reconstruction of medical reality. Gower.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.

Berle, D., Starcevic, V., Wootton, B., Arnáez, S., & Baggio, S. (2023). A network approach to understanding obsessions and compulsions. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 36, 100786. 

Damisch, L., Stoberock, B., & Mussweiler, T. (2010). Keep your fingers crossed! How superstition improves performance. Psychological Science, 21(7), 1014–1020. 

Davoudi, M., Mohammadzadeh, A., Vafaei, A., Mirzaei, S. M., & Ghanbari Jolfaei, A. (2024). A cross-sectional study in two common OCD subtypes: Network structure of symptoms, personality, and obsessive beliefs. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1330901. 

Einstein, D. A., & Menzies, R. G. (2004). The presence of magical thinking in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 539–549. 

Einstein, D. A., & Menzies, R. G. (2004). Role of magical thinking in obsessive–compulsive symptoms in an undergraduate sample. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 174–179. 

Edwards, C. D. (2023). Obsessive–compulsive disorder in sports—Beyond superstitions. Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health. Advance online publication. 

Fite, R. E., Adut, S. L., & Magee, J. C. (2020). Do you believe in magical thinking? Examining magical thinking as a mediator between obsessive–compulsive belief domains and symptoms. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 48(4), 454–462. 

Frazer, J. G. (1996). The golden bough: A study in magic and religion. Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1890)

Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311–328.

Rabinovitch, H. (2025). Playoff beards and unwashed uniforms: A scoping review on athletes’ superstitions and rituals. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advance online publication. 

West, B., & Willner, P. (2011). Magical thinking in obsessive–compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 399–411. 

Vyse, S. A. (2014). Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition (Updated ed.). Oxford University Press. 

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the psychological impact of everyday aesthetics on our emotions, focus, and overall well-being. From cozy cafes to well-lit offices, Leslie delves into the science behind how environmental cues like color, light, form, and texture affect our mental state and cognitive performance. The episode also discusses the importance of creating supportive environments, especially for those who are neurodivergent, chronically ill, or recovering from trauma. Learn how to leverage aesthetic principles to create spaces that promote safety, comfort, and productivity. This episode emphasizes that aesthetics aren't frivolous but functional, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives and mental health.

00:00 Introduction to PsyberSpace
00:23 The Cafe Effect: How Environment Enhances Experience
01:01 The Psychology of Everyday Aesthetics
02:25 The Science Behind Aesthetic Responses
04:12 Environmental Psychology and Neuroaesthetics
08:33 The Impact of Light, Color, and Texture
11:11 Aesthetics and Memory: Emotional Anchors
17:31 Designing for Wellbeing: Practical Tips
20:33 Conclusion: Aesthetics as Functional and Essential

References

Browning, W. D., Ryan, C. O., & Clancy, J. O. (2014). 14 patterns of biophilic design. Terrapin Bright Green.

Cela-Conde, C. J., Marty, G., Maestú, F., Ortiz, T., Munar, E., Fernández, A., Roca, M., Rosselló, J., & Quesney, F. (2004). Activation of the prefrontal cortex in the human visual aesthetic perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(16), 6321–6325.

Chatterjee, A., & Vartanian, O. (2014). Neuroaesthetics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 370–375.

Cupchik, G. C. (2009). Viewing artworks: Contributions of cognitive control and perceptual facilitation to aesthetic experience. Brain and Cognition, 70(1), 84–91.

Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.

Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182.

Kawabata, H., & Zeki, S. (2004). Neural correlates of beauty. Journal of Neurophysiology, 91(4), 1699–1705.

Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (Eds.). (2008). Biophilic design: The theory, science and practice of bringing buildings to life. John Wiley & Sons.

Ohly, H., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Bethel, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Nikolaou, V., & Garside, R. (2016). Attention restoration theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), 305–343.

Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421.

Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230.

Zeki, S. (1999). Inner vision: An exploration of art and the brain. Oxford University Press.

Zeki, S., Romaya, J. P., Benincasa, D. M. T., & Atiyah, M. F. (2014). The experience of mathematical beauty and its neural correlates. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 68.

Zeki, S., Chén, O. Y., & Romaya, J. P. (2020). Neuroaesthetics: The art, science, and brain triptych. In A. Chatterjee & E. Cardillo (Eds.), Brain, beauty & art: Essays bringing neuroaesthetics into focus (pp. 1–28). Oxford University Press.

In this special episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores a new study revealing that people who disclose AI use in professional settings are trusted significantly less than those who keep it a secret. This phenomenon is linked to identity protective cognition and professional identity threats. The discussion delves into how legitimacy and social norms shape trust dynamics, the role of cognitive dissonance, and systemic issues that exacerbate the AI transparency crisis. Poston also offers potential strategies to address these challenges, emphasizing the need for a cultural shift in professional identity and transparent AI integration.

00:00 Introduction to Today's Unique Episode
01:41 The Transparency Dilemma Study
03:32 Understanding the Legitimacy Discount
04:07 Identity Protective Cognition and AI
06:29 The Role of Professional Identity
09:32 Moral Licensing and Cognitive Dissonance
19:35 Systemic Issues and Forced AI Adoption
22:06 Strategies for Cultural and Institutional Change
25:28 Conclusion and Broader Implications

References

Schilke, O., & Reimann, M. (2025). The transparency dilemma: How AI disclosure erodes trust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 188, 104405. 

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.

Lamont, M. (1992). Money, morals, and manners: The culture of the French and the American upper-middle class. University of Chicago Press.
(see past episodes for more)

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the impact of technological convenience on our emotional and cognitive lives. Inspired by a conversation with Jason Miller, Leslie explores how platforms like Facebook and generative AI tools are stripping away meaningful friction from our interactions, creativity, and mental tasks, leading to reduced emotional investment and cognitive development. The episode discusses concepts like emotional labor, effort justification, intermittent reinforcement, and the importance of cognitive friction for real connection and growth. Leslie also addresses the balance between accessibility and meaningful challenge, urging listeners to choose their frictions wisely and remain intentional about the technologies they adopt.

00:00 Introduction and Inspiration
00:38 The Impact of Social Media on Friendships
02:48 Emotional Labor and Effort Justification
08:38 The Role of Friction in Creativity
14:31 The Downside of Frictionless Technology
18:52 Balancing Accessibility and Meaningful Engagement
21:05 Conclusion: Embracing Productive Friction

References

Aaru, J. (2025) Artificial Intelligence and the Internal Processes of Creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior. 59(2)
Al-Zahrani, A.M. (2024) Balancing Act: Exploring the Interplay Between Human Judgement and Artificial Intelligence in Problem-Solving, Creativity, and Decision-Making. IgMin Research. 2(3): 145-158
Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 569–576.
Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J. Metcalfe & A. P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 185–205). MIT Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998). The social brain hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6(5), 178–190.
Ellis, K., & Kent, M. (2011). Disability and new media. Routledge.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.

Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.

Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling.
Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688. 

Norman, D. A. (2007). The design of future things. Basic Books.
Raichle, M. E., et al. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676-682.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1972). Learned helplessness. Annual Review of Medicine, 23(1), 407-412.
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior.
Article in New Yorker on AI and Culture: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2025/09/01/ai-is-coming-for-culture

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the concept of liminal spaces — those transitional zones, both physical and psychological, where we feel suspended between the past and the future. The discussion explores various examples such as airports, traffic jams, dead malls, subways, hospitals, and even digital environments. These spaces challenge our sense of time, memory, and self, creating both potential for transformation and risks like anxiety and disorientation. By understanding and navigating these in-between moments, we can harness their power for creative breakthroughs and personal growth.

00:00 Introduction to Liminal Spaces
01:55 The Concept of Liminality
02:51 Modern Life and Liminality
04:06 Airports: The Ultimate Liminal Space
06:21 Dead Malls: Ghosts of Movement
08:42 Traffic and Transit: Daily Liminal Encounters
12:56 Hospitals and Hotels: Ambiguous Comfort
15:02 Digital Liminality: The Eternal Scroll
17:23 Psychological Implications of Liminal Spaces
22:23 Navigating Liminal Spaces
24:26 Conclusion: Embracing the In-Between

References

Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.

Augé, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity (J. Howe, Trans.). Verso.

Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity Press.

Boss, P. (2007). Ambiguous loss theory: Challenges for scholars and practitioners. Family Relations, 56(2), 105-111.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. Harper Perennial.

Evans, G. W., Hygge, S., & Bullinger, M. (1995). Chronic noise and psychological stress. Psychological Science, 6(6), 333–338.

Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places: Notes on the social organization of gatherings. Free Press.

Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., & Chang, L. R. (2019). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying predictors and consequences. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 115, 84–90.

Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682.

Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 946–958.

Smith, S. M., & Vela, E. (2001). Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 203–220.

Thomassen, B. (2009). The uses and meanings of liminality. International Political Anthropology, 2(1), 5–27.

Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 1–25.

Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine.

Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421.

van Gennep, A. (1909). The rites of passage. University of Chicago Press.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the concept of micro joys—small, spontaneous moments of delight that contribute significantly to our mental well-being. Contrary to the cultural emphasis on major achievements and peak experiences, micro joys provide a sustainable foundation for psychological resilience. Backed by research in positive psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral science, the episode reveals how these tiny positive experiences can help manage stress, depression, and burnout. Leslie discusses how to identify and savor these moments, emphasizing that they are accessible to everyone, require no special circumstances, and can be especially beneficial during difficult times.

00:00 Introduction to Micro Joys
01:47 The Science Behind Micro Joys
03:48 Characteristics of Micro Joys
05:55 Micro Joys vs. Other Positive Practices
12:05 Micro Joys in Mental Health
21:54 Practical Tips for Noticing Micro Joys
25:17 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this special episode of PsyberSpace, hosted by Leslie Poston, the focus is on the psychology of stochastic terrorism, particularly in the wake of the shooting of political pundit Charlie Kirk. The episode explores how public figures use mass communication to incite violence indirectly through loaded language and dehumanizing rhetoric. It looks into the mechanisms behind this phenomenon, including moral disengagement and emotional manipulation. The episode also discusses the global impact of American stochastic rhetoric and offers strategies for resistance, such as cognitive inoculation and media literacy. Leslie emphasizes the importance of understanding and responding to this psychological manipulation to prevent further violence.

00:00 Introduction to Stochastic Terrorism
00:29 The Case of Charlie Kirk
01:53 Understanding Stochastic Terrorism
06:24 Mechanisms of Dehumanization
13:41 The Role of Media and Rhetoric
17:44 Global Impact and Historical Context
22:09 Psychological Aftermath of Violence
28:21 Empathy and Moral Boundaries
33:01 Recognizing and Resisting Stochastic Messaging
38:04 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research notes coming soon.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the often overlooked and invalidated forms of grief that extend beyond traditional mourning. Discussing the concept of 'disenfranchised grief,' the episode delves into how economic systems and societal norms suppress acknowledgment of certain types of loss. From the unexpected death of a first love to ongoing ambiguous losses, Poston examines how these unacknowledged forms of grief affect our mental and physical health. She highlights the limitations of traditional grief models and emphasizes the need for more inclusive and validating support systems. The episode also tackles the political and structural issues surrounding grief, arguing that acknowledging and integrating our losses is crucial for emotional well-being.

00:00 Introduction to Sneaky Grief
01:33 Understanding Disenfranchised Grief
04:00 Personal Story: The Unexpected Call
06:06 The Continuing Bonds Model
08:35 Ambiguous Loss and Its Impact
11:20 The Political Side of Grief
15:27 The Physiology of Grief
17:33 Prolonged Grief Disorder
19:16 Collective and Marginalized Grief
21:11 Conclusion: Validating All Forms of Grief

References

Albuquerque, S., Teixeira, A. M., & Rocha, J. C. (2021). COVID-19 and disenfranchised grief. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 638874.

Boss, P. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. W. W. Norton.

Cesur-Soysal, G., & Arı, E. (2024). How we disenfranchise grief for self and other: An empirical study. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 88(2), 620-637.

Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Smid, G. E., Mroz, A., Kleber, R. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). The prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in bereaved individuals following unnatural losses: Systematic review and meta regression analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 146-156.

Doka, K. J. (1989). Disenfranchised grief: Recognizing hidden sorrow. Lexington Books.

Hewson, H., et al. (2023). The impact of continuing bonds following bereavement: A systematic review. Death Studies, 47(7), 762-775.

Hopf, S. M., Riegel, B., Waters, C., Tamres, L., Good, M., Penner, A., & Guo, W. (2020). Neuroendocrine mechanisms of grief and bereavement: A systematic review and implications for future interventions. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 32(8), e12887.

Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.). (2014). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor & Francis.

O'Connor, M. F. (2019). Grief: A brief history of research on how body, mind, and brain adapt. Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine.

Phillip, L. (2024, July 8). Grief accrues faster than sick days: A reflection on pain, place, and productivity. The Philanthropist Journal. Retrieved from https://thephilanthropist.ca/2024/07/grief-accrues-faster-than-sick-days-a-reflection-on-pain-place-and-productivity/

Phillips, C. S., Trainum, K., & Thomas Hebdon, M. C. (2025). Hidden in plain sight: A scoping review of professional grief in healthcare and charting a path for change. Health Services Insights. Sage Journals.

Pitimson, N. (2021). Work after death: An examination of the relationship between grief, emotional labour, and the lived experience of returning to work after a bereavement. Sociological Research Online, 26(3), 590-606

Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96-106.

Sandberg, S., & Grant, A. (2017). Option B: Facing adversity, building resilience, and finding joy. Knopf

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Cautioning health-care professionals: Bereaved persons are misguided through the stages of grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 74(4), 455-473.

Wilson, D. M., Rodríguez-Prat, A., & Low, G. (2020). The potential impact of bereavement grief on workers, work, careers, and the workplace. Social Work in Health Care, 59(6), 335–350. 

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the provocative idea that billionaire behavior may resemble a form of hoarding disorder, typically seen in people unable to part with physical objects. The discussion gets into the clinical understanding of hoarding, its evolutionary basis, and how similar psychological patterns might drive compulsive accumulation of wealth, power, and resources at a global scale. The episode critically examines society's celebration and protection of billionaire behaviors as opposed to recognizing their potentially pathological impact, drawing parallels between individual and systemic hoarding while proposing cultural and policy interventions. It challenges listeners to rethink how extreme wealth concentration affects democracy and social stability.

00:00 Introduction: Billionaires and Hoarding
02:39 Understanding Hoarding Disorder
05:06 Evolutionary Roots of Hoarding
06:30 Financial Hoarding: Billionaires and Beyond
09:21 Personality Traits and Hoarding
12:13 Cultural and Systemic Implications
16:56 Interventions and Solutions
25:19 Conclusion: The Path Forward

Research

Bouissac, P. (2006). Hoarding behavior: A better evolutionary account of money psychology? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 181 - 182. 

Canale, A., & Klontz, B. (2013). Hoarding Disorder: It’s More Than Just an Obsession - Implications for Financial Therapists and Planners. Journal of Financial Therapy, 4 (2) 4. 

Coupé, T., & Monteiro, P. (2015). The charity of the extremely wealthy. Economic IInquiry, 54(2)

Damecour, C., & Charron, M. (1998). Hoarding: a symptom, not a syndrome. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 59 5, 267-72; quiz 273 . 

Davidson, E.J., Dozier, M.E., Pittman, J.O.E. et al. Recent Advances in Research on Hoarding. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21, 91 (2019) 

Dozier, M.E., & DeShong, H.L. (2022). The association between personality traits and hoarding behaviors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35, 53 - 58. 

Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). Stuff: Compulsive hoarding and the meaning of things. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Williams, L. (2000). Hoarding: A community health problem. Health & Social Care in the Community, 8(4), 229–234. 

Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., & Maltby, N. (2010). Insight-related challenges in the treatment of hoarding disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(4), 404-413. 

Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2018). How dictatorships work: Power, personalization, and collapse. Cambridge University Press.

Haugerud, A. (2013). No Billionaire Left Behind: Satirical Activism in America. Stanford University Press.

LaSalle-Ricci, V. H., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., Crawley, S. A., Ronquillo, J. G., & Murphy, D. L. (2006). The hoarding dimension of OCD: Psychological comorbidity and the five-factor personality model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(10), 1503–1512.

Mataix-Cols, D., Frost, R. O., Pertusa, A., Clark, L. A., Saxena, S., Leckman, J. F., Stein, D. J., Matsunaga, H., & Wilhelm, S. (2010). Hoarding disorder: A new diagnosis for DSM-5? Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 556–572. 

Mataix-Cols, D., Pertusa, A. , & Snowdon, J. (2011). Neuropsychological and neural correlates of hoarding: a practice-friendly review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, (5), 467-76. 

Mataix-Cols, D., & de la Cruz, L. F. (2018). Hoarding disorder has finally arrived, but many challenges lie ahead. World Psychiatry. 17(2):224-225

Peebles, G. (2020). Hoarding and saving. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology

Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.

Raines, A. M., Boffa, J. W., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Hoarding and eating pathology: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 29-35. 

Rose, P. (2007). Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying: The roles of materialism and impulse control. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 576–581. 

Steketee, G., & Frost, R. O. (2003). Compulsive hoarding: Current status of the research. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 905–927. 

Svolik, M. W. (2008). Authoritarian reversals and democratic consolidation. American Political Science Review, 102(2), 153–168. 

Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). The relationship between self-control deficits and hoarding: A multimethod investigation across three studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 13–25. 

Tolin, D. F. (2011). Challenges and advances in treating hoarding. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 451-5. 

Vickers, B. D., Preston, S. D., Gonzalez, R., & Angott, A. M. (2016). Hoarders Only Discount Consumables and Are More Patient for Money. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, Article 30 

West, D. M. (2014). Billionaires: Reflections on the upper crust. Brookings Institution Press

Winsberg, M. E., Cassic, K. S., & Koran, L. M. (1999). Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A report of 20 cases. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(9), 591–597. 

Zuckman, G. (2025) The Trump-Musk feud exposes America's wealth-hoarding crisis. [OPINION ARTICLE] The Guardian. (Newspaper)  Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/jun/10/the-trump-musk-feud-exposes-americas-wealth-hoarding-crisis

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the growing phenomenon of apocalyptic thinking, exploring its psychological, sociological, and cultural roots. The episode examines why some people are drawn to the idea of societal collapse and how this mindset is manifesting in modern times through various ideologies and policies. Leslie discusses historical and contemporary examples, the role of trauma, and the disturbing impact of repeated COVID-19 infections on cognitive functions. The episode also highlights the commodification and monetization of despair online and argues for collective action, mutual aid, and hope as antidotes to the lure of apocalyptic thinking. Leslie concludes by emphasizing that positive change does not require collapse, but rather, requires human connection and collective effort.

00:00 Introduction to Apocalyptic Thinking
01:31 Historical Fascination with Endings
02:44 The Psychology Behind Apocalyptic Beliefs
03:34 Accelerationism: Pushing for Collapse
05:59 Christian Nationalism and Apocalyptic Theology
08:55 The Impact of Continuous Conflict
12:16 Neurological Effects of COVID-19
14:01 The Role of Social Media in Amplifying Despair
16:01 Climate Nihilism and the Elite's Response
18:04 The Profitability of Collapse
19:20 A Counter-Narrative: Post-Traumatic Growth
21:28 Conclusion: Choosing Hope Over Despair

Research

Abene, S. (2025) Pandemic brain aging: How Covid-19 affects cognitive health beyond infection. Contagion Live. https://www.contagionlive.com/view/pandemic-brain-aging-how-covid-19-impacts-cognitive-health-beyond-infection

American Psychological Association. (2020). Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, implications, and guidance. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/02/climate-mental-health

Araújo, N., Silva, I., Campos, P. et al. Cognitive impairment 2 years after mild to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based study with matched-comparison groups. Sci Rep 15, 24335 (2025). 

Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75–78.

Lewis, R. (2018). Alternative influence: Broadcasting the reactionary right on YouTube. Data & Society.

Clayton, S. (2020). Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102263.

Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., & Li, H. (2023). Cognitive impairment after long COVID: current evidence and perspectives. Frontiers in Neurology, 14.

Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the pleasure principle (J. Strachey, Trans.). International Psycho-Analytical Press.

Ganesh R, Blitshteyn S, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Abene S, Ciccone I. A deep dive: understanding the neurological toll of long COVID. Contagion. 2024. https://www.contagionlive.com/roundtables/a-deep-dive-understanding-the-neurological-toll-of-long-covid

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189–212). Springer.

Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon Books.

Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881–919.

Klein, N. (2007). The shock doctrine: The rise of disaster capitalism. Metropolitan Books.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W.H. Freeman.

Solnit, R. (2009). A paradise built in hell: The extraordinary communities that arise in disaster. Viking.

Sontag, S. (1978). Illness as metaphor. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.

Tufekci, Z. (2018). YouTube, the great radicalizer. The New York Times.

Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the concept of comfort and how it acts as a hidden barrier to personal and societal growth. Despite its allure, comfort can prevent individuals from taking risks, learning, and embracing change. The episode digs into the psychological and neurological reasons behind our preference for comfort, and its impact on behaviors, relationships, and social structures. Poston argues that comfort not only stifles innovation and accountability but also perpetuates systemic issues like racism and inequality. She urges listeners to build their capacity for discomfort as a means to foster resilience, creativity, and meaningful progress.

00:00 Introduction: The Hidden Villain in Your Life
00:35 The Comfort Trap: Why We Stay Stuck
03:07 The Neuroscience of Comfort and Resistance to Change
08:28 Comfort in Social Dynamics and Systemic Issues
11:28 The Cost of Comfort: Personal and Societal Impacts
22:43 Building Discomfort Tolerance for Growth and Progress
24:37 Conclusion: Embrace Discomfort for a Better Future

Research

Banaji, M. R., & Jost, J. T. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x

Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025589

DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it's so hard for white people to talk about racism. Beacon Press.

Feagin, J. & Picca, L. (2007) Two-Faced Racism. Routledge.

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.

Jost, J. T. (2019). A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(2), 263-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12297

Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Klayman, J., & Ha, Y. W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.211

Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480-498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480

Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01916.x

Oluo, I. (2018) So you want to talk about race. Seal Press.

Tatum, B. D. (1997). Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?: And other conversations about race. Basic Books.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991). Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039-1061. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937956

Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470216008416717

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the concept of the inner monologue, discussing its origins, functions, and variations across individuals and cultures. The episode digs into the impact of internal speech on decision making, emotional regulation, and self-identity. Leslie also addresses how disorders like ADHD and anxiety affect inner voices, offering practical strategies for managing critical self-talk and cultivating a more supportive inner dialogue. Listeners are encouraged to observe and reframe their inner thoughts to enhance mental wellbeing and performance.

00:00 Introduction: The Inner Monologue
00:49 The Role and Impact of Inner Speech
04:05 Development of Inner Speech
07:07 Variations in Inner Speech
09:34 Inner Speech and Mental Health
20:58 Transforming Your Inner Critic
24:18 Conclusion: Embracing Your Inner Voice

Research

Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931–965. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4538954

Dahò, M., & Monzani, D. (2025). The multifaceted nature of inner speech: Neural and phenomenological perspectives. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 12(3), 145–167. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40611622/

Gregory, D. (2020). Inner speech: New voices. Analysis, Volume 80, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 164–173, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/anz096

Gregory, D., & Langland-Hassan, P. (2023). Inner speech. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/inner-speech/

Hurlburt, R. T., Heavey, C. L., & Kelsey, J. M. (2013). Toward a phenomenology of inner speaking. Consciousness and Cognition. 22(4) Pages 1477-1494

McCarthy-Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2011). The varieties of inner speech: Links between quality of inner speech and psychopathological variables in a sample of young adults. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1586–1593. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21880511/

Morin, A. (2003). Inner speech and conscious experience. Science & Consciousness Review, No 4. https://journalpsyche.org/articles/0xc094.pdf

Nedergaard, J. S. K., & Lupyan, G. (2024). Not everybody has an inner voice: Behavioral consequences of anendophasia. Psychological Science, 35(4), 344–360. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976241243004

Alderson-Day, B. & Pearson, A. (2023). What can neurodiversity tell us about inner speech, and vice versa? A theroetical perspectiv. Cortex, 168, Pages 193-202 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001094522300206X

Vicente, A., & Martinez Manrique, F. (2011). Inner Speech: Nature and Functions. Philosophy Compass, 6, 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00369.x

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the compelling evidence showing that women tend to be better leaders than men. The discussion includes statistics indicating that countries led by women have fewer conflicts and better crisis management. It digs into decades of research from organizational psychology, showing women outscore men in key leadership competencies such as empathy, resilience, and emotional intelligence. Neuroscientific studies highlight differences in how male and female brains process stress, favoring collaborative and adaptive behavior in women. Despite this overwhelming evidence, gender biases and cultural stereotypes persist, preventing the recognition of women’s effectiveness in leadership roles. The episode calls for systemic changes in defining leadership, promoting qualified women, and addressing unconscious bias to improve organizational and societal success.

00:00 Introduction: Women in Leadership
00:30 Global Leadership Landscape
01:23 Exploring Leadership Competencies
03:47 Neuroscience of Crisis Management
06:26 Empathy and Emotional Intelligence
09:13 Transformational vs. Transactional Leadership
13:46 Psychological Barriers and Bias
19:22 Intersectionality in Leadership
20:43 Effective Leadership Strategies
23:59 Challenges of Traditional Masculine Norms
27:33 Redefining Leadership Effectiveness
31:24 Conclusion: The Path Forward

Research

Araujo, E. B., Araujo, N. M. M., Moreira, A. A., Herrmann, H. J., & Andrade Jr., J. S. (2016). Gender differences in scientific collaborations: Women are more egalitarian. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.05937. 

Capraro, V. (2018). Women are slightly more cooperative than men in one-shot prisoner’s dilemma games. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.08046. 

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. 

Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. 

Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.

Hopkins, M. M., O'Neil, D. A., Bilimoria, D., & Broadfoot, A. (2021). Buried treasure: Contradictions in the perception and reality of women's leadership. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 684705. 

Hurlburt, R. T., Koch, M., & Heavey, C. L. (2002). Descriptive experience sampling demonstrates the connection of thinking to externally observable behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(1), 117–134.

Kelan, E. K., & Wang, M. (2013). The gender quota and female leadership: Effects of the Norwegian gender quota on board chairs and CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(3), 449–466. 

Field, E., Krivkovich, A., McConnell, M., Yee, L. & Smith, H. (2024) Women in the Workplace 2024: The 10th‑anniversary report. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace#/

Novotney, A. (2024) Women leaders make work better. Here's the science behind how to promote them. American Psychological Association. (Blog) Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/topics/women-girls/female-leaders-make-work-better

Paustian-Underdahl, S.C., Smith Sockbeson, C.E., Hall, A.V. & Saldanha Halliday, C. (2024) Gender and Evaluations of Leadership Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review of 50 Years of Research. The Leadership Quarterly. Vol. 35, Iss 6

Pew Research Center. (2008, August 25). Men or women: Who's the better leader?. 

Raval, A. (2024) Too many women excel at their jobs but are ignored for top roles. (Article) The Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/729d1a32-62bf-4d61-b3e3-0763b7fe93ca

Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management, 16(2), 81–90. 

Xu, H., Strassmann, J. E., & Saar-Tsechansky, M. (2024). How high-status women promote repeated collaboration among women in male-dominated contexts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.03474. 

Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2019, June 25). Research: Women score higher than men in most leadership skills. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/06/research-women-score-higher-than-men-in-most-leadership-skills

Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2020, December 30). Research: Women are better leaders during a crisis. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/12/research-women-are-better-leaders-during-a-crisis

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the critical issue of media consumption in the age of information overload and crisis. With facts being scrubbed from official sources and reality under attack, Poston examines the role of independent journalism and social media as lifelines to truth. The episode digs into the psychology of how we consume media, the distinction between staying informed and drowning in trauma, and the impact of the attention economy and algorithms on our emotional well-being. Drawing from psychological theories, research, and historical examples, Poston provides strategies for conscious and sustainable media engagement that honors truth, supports psychological resilience, and serves as a form of resistance.

00:00 Introduction: The Importance of Conscious Media Consumption
01:49 The Role of Media in Historical and Modern Crises
03:01 The Attention Economy and Emotional Regulation
05:19 Healthy vs. Unhealthy Media Engagement
07:58 The Psychological Impact of Media Consumption
18:06 Parasocial Relationships and Media
21:14 The Responsibility of Media Creators
24:05 Strategies for Conscious Media Consumption
27:05 Conclusion: Transforming Media Consumption into Resistance

Research

Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). The costs of connection. Stanford University Press.

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198

Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., Lubens, P., & Silver, R. C. (2020). Media exposure to collective trauma, mental health, and functioning: Does it matter what you see? Clinical Psychological Science, 8*(1), 111–124

Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and parasocial interaction. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229.

Li, M., Zhou, Y., Luo, J., Liang, X., Wang, Y., Cai, H., Huang, L., Luo, X., Xiang, Q., & Huang, X. (2025). The influence of childhood trauma on social media-induced secondary traumatic stress among college students: The chain mediating effect of self-compassion and resilience. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 16(1), 2456322. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2456322

McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. McGraw-Hill.

Nabi, R. L. (2015). Emotional flow in persuasive health messages. Health Communication, 24(3), 229–236. 

Oz, B., Vandekerckhove, M., & Cona, G. (2024). Impact of indirect trauma and disaster media exposure on psychological states and temporal processes: The case of 2023 Turkey earthquakes. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 31(6), e70008. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70008

Reinecke, L., & Oliver, M. B. (2017). Media use and well-being: Status quo and open questions. In L. Reinecke & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of media use and well-being: International perspectives on theory and research on positive media effects (pp. 3–13). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 

Thompson, R. R., Jones, N. M., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2019). Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress. Science advances, 5(4), eaav3502

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework. Council of Europe.

Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism. PublicAffairs.

In this midweek special of PsyberSpace, Leslie Poston addresses a significant news event: the Trump administration's signing of a federal AI action plan as well as an executive order called 'Preventing Woke AI.' Focusing on generative AI, LLM AI, and NLP AI, Poston discusses the implications of how AI, optimized for ease, can subtly reprogram societal norms and reinforce biases. The episode underscores the threat of authoritarian control through AI, the illusion of neutral AI, and the psychological effects of passive AI use. Poston also offers guidance on ethical AI usage and emphasizes the importance of staying aware and critical in the face of AI-driven convenience. The episode concludes with a call to action for supporting human rights-centered AI initiatives and pushing for protective legislation.

00:00 Introduction and Context
01:44 The Dangers of AI Comfort
02:31 Psychological Impact of AI
04:09 Bias and Ideological Control in AI
07:59 The Cost of AI Comfort
08:49 How to Resist and Use AI Ethically
10:58 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the illusion of meritocracy in the workplace. Despite the comforting narrative that hard work leads to success, systemic biases and structural inequalities often shape career outcomes more than individual effort. The episode digs into psychological concepts like the just world hypothesis and fundamental attribution error, and cultural factors such as the American Dream and survivor bias. Leslie discusses how these beliefs perpetuate inequality and internalized oppression, offering insights into how organizations and individuals can foster a more equitable environment. Tune in to learn why meritocracy is a myth and how recognizing this can lead to positive change.

00:00 Introduction to Meritocracy
01:43 The Just World Hypothesis and Fundamental Attribution Error
03:14 The Illusion of Control and Cognitive Consistency
04:57 Cultural Programming and Survivor Bias
07:36 System Justification and the Matthew Effect
09:37 Internalized Depression and Imposter Syndrome
14:30 Algorithmic Bias and Workplace Gaslighting
21:36 Challenging the Meritocracy Myth
25:18 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the psychological concept of gaslighting, with a focus on its manifestation in the workplace. Leslie digs into how workplace gaslighting mirrors interpersonal abuse, creating a toxic environment where employees doubt their reality. Examples include management minimizing concerns, contradicting realities, and fostering toxic positivity. The episode also discusses the impact on mental health, job satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness. Leslie offers strategies for identifying, documenting, and resisting gaslighting, as well as advice for leaders to create a supportive and transparent work environment.

00:00 Introduction to Workplace Gaslighting
01:23 Origins and Mechanisms of Gaslighting
03:07 Gaslighting in Organizational Settings
03:30 Research and Patterns of Workplace Gaslighting
08:47 Psychological Impact on Employees
13:55 Gaslighting in Layoffs and Corporate Communication
18:45 Why Employees Stay in Toxic Workplaces
23:54 Strategies to Combat Workplace Gaslighting
27:05 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

Research
(note: more research can be found in our Season 1 episode on Gaslighting in personal relationships, as well)

Collinson, D. (1994). Strategies of resistance: Power, knowledge and subjectivity in the workplace. In J. M. Jermier, D. Knights, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Resistance and power in organizations (pp. 25–68). Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
D'Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2011). The limits of emotional workplace friendship: Managerialist HRM bystander behaviour in the context of workplace bullying. Employee Relations. 33(3):269-288

Dickson, P., Ireland, J. L., & Birch, P. (2023). Gaslighting and its application to interpersonal violence. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 9(1), 31-46. 

Dorpat, T. L. (1996). Gaslighting, the double whammy, interrogation, and other methods of covert control in psychotherapy and analysis. Jason Aronson.

Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23–43. 

El-Sayed, A. A. I., et al. (2025). Navigating toxicity: Investigating the interplay between workplace gaslighting, workaholism, and agility among nurses. Nursing Inquiry. 

Gabriel, Y. (2012). Organizations in a state of darkness: towards a theory of organizational miasma. Organization Studies, 33(9), 1137-1152. 

Graves, C. G., & Samp, J. A. (2021). The power to gaslight. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(11), 3378-3386.

Hogh, A., Hoel, H., & Carneiro, I. G. (2011). Bullying and employee turnover among healthcare workers: A three-wave prospective study. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(6), 742–751. 

Kukreja, P., & Pandey, J. (2023). Workplace gaslighting: Conceptualization, development, and validation of a scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 

Leunissen, J. M., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Cohen, T. R. (2016). Organizational nostalgia lowers turnover intentions by increasing work meaning: The moderating role of burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 

Leunissen, J. M., van Dijke, M., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2023). Organizational nostalgia: The construct, the scale and its implications for organizational functioning. British Journal of Management. 

Sebring, J. (2021). Towards a sociological understanding of medical gaslighting in Western health care. Sociology of Health & Illness, 43(9), 1951–1964

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. Freeman.

Sweet, P. L. (2019). The sociology of gaslighting. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 851–875. 

In this episode, host Leslie Poston digs into the multifaceted science of coping amidst today’s turbulent world. With constant exposure to political violence, environmental disasters, and social instability, many struggle to maintain mental well-being. Leslie explores the psychology behind coping, referencing the work of Richard Lazarus, Susan Folkman, and Bruce McEwen on stress responses. She discusses the roles of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping and addresses the dangers of chronic stress and learned helplessness. The episode examines how relational resilience, communal support, and collective activities can bolster coping mechanisms. Leslie also critiques the misapplication of resilience as an individual trait while highlighting its dependence on supportive environments. Listeners are encouraged to develop self-awareness, engage in mutual aid, and cultivate positive emotions as pivotal strategies for adaptive coping.

00:00 Introduction: Navigating a Chaotic World
01:33 Understanding the Psychology of Coping
04:02 Stress Responses and Allostatic Load
06:33 Coping Strategies: The Good, The Bad, and The Misunderstood
10:28 The Political Implications of Learned Helplessness
12:06 Resilience: Beyond the Buzzword
14:57 The Power of Social Connection and Collective Coping
18:29 Building Sustainable Coping Strategies
23:49 Conclusion: The Radical Act of Self-Care

Research

Abrutyn, S. (2023). The Roots of Social Trauma: Collective, Cultural Pain and Its Consequences. Society and Mental Health, 14(3), 240-256. 

Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. 

Braveman, P., & Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 129 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 19–31.  

Braveman, P., Arkin, E., Orleans, T., Proctor, D., & Plough, A. (2017). What is health equity? And what difference does a definition make? Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Social determinants of health (SDOH).

Eppler, M. J., & Mengis, J. (2004). The concept of information overload: A review of literature from organization science, accounting, marketing, MIS, and related disciplines. The Information Society, 20(5), 325–344. 

Erikson, K. T. (1977). Everything in its path: Destruction of community in the Buffalo Creek flood. Simon & Schuster.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. 

Heitmayer, M. (2025). The second wave of attention economics: Attention as a universal symbolic currency on social media and beyond. Interacting with Computers, 37(1), 18–29. 

Herman, J. L. (2022). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence--From domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books.

Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1441.

Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (1995). In search of altruistic community: patterns of social support mobilization following Hurricane Hugo. American journal of community psychology, 23(4), 447–477. 

Lanham, R. A. (2006). The economics of attention: Style and substance in the age of information. University of Chicago Press. 

Folkman, S. (2013). Stress: Appraisal and Coping. In: Gellman, M.D., Turner, J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. 

Marmot M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet (London, England), 365(9464), 1099–1104. 

Menakem, R. (2017) My Grandmother's Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending our Hearts and Bodies. Central Recovery Press. https://resmaa.com/merch/

McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(3), 171–179. 

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2020). Social determinants of health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 

Porges S. W. (2009). The polyvagal theory: new insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 76 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S86–S90. 

Porges, S. W. (2022). Polyvagal theory: A science of safety. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16, Article 871227. 

Postman, N. (2005). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. (Postman, A. Introduction). Penguin Books.

Roese, N. J., & Epstude, K. (2017). The functional theory of counterfactual thinking: New evidence, new challenges, new insights. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 1–79. 

Seligman, M. E. P. (1992). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W.H. Freeman. Paperback Edition.

Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), Article 25338. 

van der Kolk B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard review of psychiatry, 1(5), 253–265. 

World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. WHO Press.

World Health Organization. (2025). World report on social determinants of health equity. World Health Organization.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the pervasive issue of everyday eugenics embedded in our society. Unlike historical instances marked by overt brutality, today's eugenics are subtle and ingrained in policies, healthcare, media, and cultural mindset. Leslie explores how the worth of individuals is unjustly tied to their productivity, leading to harmful social and systemic practices that marginalize people unable to meet those expectations. The episode highlights the dangerous ideologies underlying healthcare access, policy decisions, and media representation, urging listeners to name the issues, support disabled communities, challenge ableism, and push for systemic change to ensure the inherent value of every person is recognized and respected.

00:00 Introduction to Everyday Eugenics
01:42 The Productivity Trap
03:48 Healthcare as a Gatekeeping Tool
14:38 Media's Role in Shaping Perceptions
17:01 Internalized Ableism and Its Consequences
20:41 Challenging the System and Taking Action
23:29 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research

Annamma, S. A., Connor, D., & Ferri, B. (2013). Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): Theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(1), 1-31.

Bagenstos, S. R. (2009). Law and the contradictions of the disability rights movement. Yale University Press.

Baynton, D. C. (2001). Disability and the justification of inequality in American history. In P. K. Longmore & L. Umansky (Eds.), The new disability history: American perspectives (pp. 33–57). NYU Press.

Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the new Jim code. Polity Press.

Blanck, P., Sandler, L. A., Schmeling, J. L., & Schartz, H. A. (2000). The emerging workforce of entrepreneurs with disabilities: Preliminary study of entrepreneurship in Iowa. Iowa Law Review, 85(5), 1583-1668.

Butler, J. (2004). Precarious life: The powers of mourning and violence. Verso.

Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J., Smelter, T. J., & Rutchick, A. M. (2020). Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1119-1128.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Racial and ethnic disparities continue in pregnancy-related deaths. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/p0919-pregnancy-related-deaths.html

Connor, D. J., & Gabel, S. L. (2013). "Cripping" the curriculum through academic activism: Working toward increasing success for students with disabilities. Review of Disability Studies, 9(1), 12-27.

Garland-Thomson, R. (2002). The politics of staring: Visual rhetorics of disability in popular photography. Disability Studies Quarterly, 22(2), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v22i2.369

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 43–67). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Green, J., Edgerton, J., Naftel, D., Shoub, K., & Cranmer, S. J. (2020). Elusive consensus: Polarization in elite communication on the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances, 6(28), eabc2717. 

Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Communication, 42(5), 679-697.

Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881–919. 

Michener, J. (2018). Fragmented democracy: Medicaid, federalism, and unequal politics. Cambridge University Press.

Mingus, M. (2011). Access intimacy: The missing link. Leaving Evidence. https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com/2011/05/05/access-intimacy-the-missing-link/

Mingus, M. (2017). Pod Mapping Practice. Bay Area Transformative Justice Collective.

Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464), 447–453. 

Pendo, E. A. (2008). Disability, equipment barriers, and women’s health: Using the ADA to provide meaningful access. Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy, 2(1), 15–46.

Slovic, P. (2007). If I look at the mass I will never act: Psychic numbing and genocide. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(2), 79–95.

Slovic, P., Västfjäll, D., Erlandsson, A., & Gregory, R. (2017). Iconic photographs and the ebb and flow of empathic response to humanitarian disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(4), 640-644.

Spade, D. (2020). Mutual aid: Building solidarity during this crisis (and the next). Verso Books.

Weber, M. (2002). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (Original work published 1905). Routledge.

Wendell, S. (1996). The rejected body: Feminist philosophical reflections on disability. Routledge.

Update July 3rd: I just came across this book by Lisa Diedrich that is relevant as well: https://manifold.umn.edu/projects/llness-politics-and-hashtag-activism

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the emotional ramifications of systemic abandonment by protective institutions, especially in response to the US's recent unprovoked attack on Iran. The discussion explores the psychological effects of community collapse, the lack of a communal safety net, and the individualist culture that exacerbates feelings of powerlessness and disconnection. Drawing on political and developmental psychology, this episode examines issues such as civic trauma, emotional gaslighting, and moral injury while proposing ways to rebuild a sense of community and shared grief. It calls for collective action, mutual aid, and solidarity as psychological and practical responses to ongoing societal crises.

00:00 Introduction and Overview
00:30 Unprovoked Attack on Iran
01:43 Emotional Impact of Government Actions
03:37 The Breakdown of Community Support
05:33 Psychological Effects of Isolation
09:47 The Pandemic's Lasting Impact
15:06 The Power of Grief and Community
20:19 Steps Towards Rebuilding Community
22:51 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

References

Aknin, L. B., De Neve, J.-E., Dunn, E. W., Fancourt, D., Goldberg, E., Helliwell, J. F., Jones, S. P., Karam, E., Layard, R., Lyubomirsky, S., Rzepa, A., Saxena, S., Thornton, E. M., VanderWeele, T. J., Whillans, A. V., Zaki, J., Karadag, O., & Ben Amor, Y. (2022). Mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A review and recommendations for moving forward. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 915–936.

Beckes, L., & Coan, J. A. (2011). Social baseline theory: The role of social proximity in emotion and economy of action. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(12), 976–988

Bion, W. R. (1962). Learning from experience.

Boakye, P. N., Prendergast, N., Bailey, A., Sharon, M., Bandari, B., Odutayo, A. A., & Anane Brown, E. (2025). Anti-Black Medical Gaslighting in Healthcare: Experiences of Black Women in Canada. The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres, 57(1), 59–68.

Bucaktepe, P.G.E., Akgül, F. & Çelİk, S.B. (2024) Evaluation of the effects of pandemic-related fears on anxiety and depression: the mediating roles of traumatic stress and loneliness. BMC Psychol 12, 388

Burstow, B. (2003). Toward a radical understanding of trauma and trauma work. Violence Against Women, 9(11), 1293–1317.

Crosby, D.B. (2025) Authoritarianism in the Unites States: A Death Knell for the US Refugee Admissions Program. Social Sciences. 14(2), 57.

Doka, K. J. (2002). Disenfranchised grief: New directions, challenges, and strategies for practice. Research Press.

Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. Psychological Issues, 1(1), 18–164.

Fernandes-Jesus, M., Mao, G., Ntsontis, E., Cocking, C., McTague, M., Schwarz, A., Semlyen, J. & Drury, J. (2021) Frontiers in Psychology. 12, 716202

Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1441.

Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653–670.

Lewis, T. (2024) Outrage Fatigue Is Real. These Tips May Help. Scientific American. 

Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706

Olawa, B.D., Idemudia, E.S., Omolayo, B.O. & Azikiwe, J.C. (2023) Loneliness and happiness in the face of the COVID-19 lockdown: Examining the pathways through somatic symptoms and psychological distress. Health Psychology Open, 10(2)

Perach, R., Fernandes‑Jesus, M., Miranda, D., Mao, G., & Ntontis, E. (2023). Can group‑based strategies increase community resilience? Longitudinal predictors of sustained participation in COVID‑19 mutual aid groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 53, 1059–1075.

Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., … Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM‑5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(2), 103–117.

Stillman, J. (2025). The No. 1 research‑backed way to beat outrage fatigue. Inc.

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2023). Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation: The Surgeon General's advisory on the healing effects of social connection. (download here)

van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

In this episode of Psyberspace, hosted by Leslie Poston, the discussion revolves around the phenomenon of insight—those unexpected bursts of clarity often experienced during mundane tasks like showering. Leslie explains how these 'shower thoughts' are the result of the brain's default mode network (DMN) becoming active during periods of rest. This network facilitates creative connections by allowing the brain to make novel associations when it's not focused on specific tasks. The episode gets into the science behind how mental rest and activities that raise dopamine levels create the perfect environment for insight. It also addresses the impact of modern life's constant distractions on our capacity for creative thinking and offers practical tips for reclaiming mental downtime to foster more 'aha' moments.

00:00 Introduction: Why Your Shampoo Might Be Smarter Than Your To-Do List
01:51 Understanding Insight: The Science Behind Aha Moments
04:02 The Role of the Default Mode Network in Creativity
06:26 Incubation: The Power of Taking Breaks
08:50 The Neuroscience of Shower Thoughts
13:29 Modern Life's Impact on Creativity
16:00 Strategies to Foster Insight and Creativity
19:47 Conclusion: Embracing Boredom for Brilliance

Research

Andreasen, N. C. (2005). The creating brain: The neuroscience of genius, madness, and creativity. Dana Press. 

Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529–550. 

Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W. Y., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1117–1122. 

Beeman, M., & Kounios, J. (2009). The Aha! moment: The cognitive neuroscience of insight. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 210–216. 

Buckner, R. L., Andrews‑Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 1–38. 

Christoff, K., Irving, Z. C., Fox, K. C., Spreng, R. N., & Andrews‑Hanna, J. R. (2016). Mind‑wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(11), 718–731.

Dietrich, A. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of creativity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(6), 1011–1026.

Duncker, K. (1945). On problem‑solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5), i–113. 

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122–1131. 

Jung, R. E., Mead, B. S., Carrasco, J., & Flores, R. A. (2013). The structure of creative cognition in the human brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 330. 

Jung‑Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J. L., Arambel‑Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., … & Kounios, J. (2004). Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biology, 2(4), e97. 

Kounios, J., & Beeman, M. (2009). The Aha! moment: The cognitive neuroscience of insight. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 210–216. (duplicate; same as Beeman & Kounios–2009)

Kounios, J., & Beeman, M. (2014). The cognitive neuroscience of insight. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 71–93.

Kounios, J., Fleck, J. I., Green, D. L., Payne, L., Stevenson, J. L., Bowden, E. M., & Jung‑Beeman, M. (2008). The origins of insight in resting‑state brain activity. Neuropsychologia, 46(1), 281–291. 

Kushlev, K., Proulx, J., & Dunn, E. W. (2016). “Silence your phones”: Smartphone notifications increase inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp 1011–1020).

Limb, C. J., & Braun, A. R. (2008). Neural substrates of spontaneous musical performance: An fMRI study of jazz improvisation. PLOS ONE, 3(2), e1679.  

Martindale, C. (1999). Biological bases of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 137–152). Cambridge University Press.

Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). Wandering minds: The default network and stimulus‑independent thought. Science, 315(5810), 393–395. 

Mednick, S. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69(3), 220–232.

Mooneyham, B. W., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). The costs and benefits of mind‑wandering: A review. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(1), 11–18.

Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(37), 15583–15587.

Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682. 

Ritter, S. M., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2014). Creativity—the unconscious foundations of the incubation period. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 215.

Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., & Rokkum, J. (2013). The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale: An empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2501–2511. 

Schooler, J. W., & Melcher, J. (1995). The ineffability of insight. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The Creative Cognition Approach (pp. 97–133). MIT Press.

Sio, U. N., Monaghan, P., & Ormerod, T. (2013). Sleep on it, but only if it is difficult: Effects of sleep on problem solving. Memory & Cognition, 41(2), 159–166. 

Sio, U. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2009). Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta‑analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 94–120. 

Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 946–958. 

Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2015). The science of mind wandering: Empirically navigating the stream of consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 487–518. 

Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., & Born, J. (2004). Sleep inspires insight. Nature, 427(6972), 352–355. 

Wallas, G. (1926). The art of thought. Harcourt, Brace.

Ward, A. F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., & Bos, M. W. (2017). Brain drain: The mere presence of one's own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 140–154. 

Wieth, M. B., & Zacks, R. T. (2011). Time of day effects on problem solving: When the non‑optimal is optimal. Thinking & Reasoning, 17(4), 387–401. 

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the harmful cultural habit of attributing acts of cruelty, violence, and abuse of power to mental illness. Leslie discusses the psychological reasons behind this impulse, the impact it has on our perceptions of justice and morality, and how it reinforces harmful stereotypes and biases. The episode digs into cognitive dissonance, the just world hypothesis, and the fundamental attribution error, examining how these concepts contribute to mislabeling people and behaviors. The discussion also covers the uneven media portrayal of violence committed by different racial groups and the systemic consequences of conflating mental illness with intent. Leslie emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between illness and responsibility, highlighting how current narratives stigmatize those with mental health struggles and misdirect resources away from addressing the real root causes of violence.

00:00 Introduction: The Dangerous Habit of Labeling
01:31 The Psychological Impulse Behind Labeling
04:32 Media Bias and Racial Disparities
07:33 Systemic Harm and Misdiagnosis
13:14 The Impact on Marginalized Communities
19:16 The Weaponization of Disability Language
21:36 Conclusion: The Need for Truth and Responsibility

Resources:

Alvarez, A., & Bachman, R. (2024). Violence: The enduring problem (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Cornell, D., Evans, AC, Guerra, NG, Kinscherff R. (2013) Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. American Psychological Association.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review
Ben-Zeev, D., Young, M. A., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010). DSM-V and the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Mental Health
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry
Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2011). Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA. Psychological Bulletin
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Haslam, N. (2005). Dimensions of dehumanization: The psychology of being (and not being) human.
Haslam, N. (2022) Dehumanization and the lack of social connection. Current Opinion in Psychology.
Kroska, A. & Harkness, S.K. (2006) Stigma sentiment and self-meanings: Exploring the modified labeling theory of mental illness. Social Psychology Quarterly. Retrieved from JSTOR.
Meng, H., Yancan, C., Yunan L., Yang, Y., Lee, J., Zhang, R. & Less, Y-C. (2025) What is Stigma Attributed to? A Theory‑Grounded, Expert‑Annotated Interview Corpus for Demystifying Mental‑Health Stigma. arXiv:2505.12727. Accepted to ACL 2025 Main Conference.
Monahan, J., Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P. S., Robbins, P. C., Mulvey, E. P., Roth, L.H., Grisso, T. & Banks, S. (2001). Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence. Oxford University Press.
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008). Stigma and prejudice: One animal or two? Social Science & Medicine
Prilleltensky, I. (2003). Understanding, resisting, and overcoming oppression: Toward psychopolitical validity. American Journal of Community Psychology. Wiley Online Library.
Rodriguez, N. & White, D. (2023) An Analysis of Protesting Activity and Trauma Through Mathematical and Statistical Models. Crime Science.
Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Science Direct.
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press. APA PsychNet.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In J. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.), Political psychology: Key readings (pp. 276–293). Psychology Press. APA PsychNet.
Tyler, T. R., & Boeckmann, R. J. (1997). Three strikes and you are out, but why? The psychology of public support for punishing rule breakers. Law & Society Review, 31(2), 237–265

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) test, a 10-question survey that uncovers the hidden impacts of childhood trauma on adult health and well-being. Leslie explains how high ACE scores correlate with numerous physical and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, chronic illnesses, and reduced life expectancy. The episode explores the biological effects of trauma on the brain and body, how trauma manifests in the workplace, relationships, and parenting, and the importance of trauma-informed healthcare. Additionally, Leslie discusses various therapeutic approaches, including somatic therapy and EMDR, that assist in healing from trauma. The episode concludes with actionable advice for those with high ACE scores, emphasizing patience in the healing journey and the potential for post-traumatic growth.

00:00 Introduction to ACE Test
01:47 Origins and Impact of ACE
04:38 Trauma and the Brain
07:23 Trauma in Daily Life
12:18 Medical Implications of Trauma
15:50 Healing and Recovery
18:18 Practical Steps for Healing
21:29 Conclusion and Resources

ACE Test: https://www.acesaware.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ACE-Questionnaire-for-Adults-Identified-English-rev.7.26.22.pdf

References

Bethell, C. D., Jones, J., Gombojav, N., Linkenbach, J., & Sege, R. (2019). Positive childhood experiences and adult mental and relational health in a statewide sample: Associations across adverse childhood experiences levels. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(11), e193007. 

Burke, S. A. (2024). Exploring the long-term impact of childhood trauma: Unseen consequences and paths to healing. International Journal of Psychiatry Research, 7(4). 

Chen, M. A., LeRoy, A. S., Majd, M., Chen, J. Y., Brown, R. L., Christian, L. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2021). Immune and epigenetic pathways linking childhood adversity and health across the lifespan. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 788351. 

Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Hinesley, J., Chan, R. F., Aberg, K. A., Fairbank, J. A., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., & Costello, E. J. (2018). Association of childhood trauma exposure with adult psychiatric disorders and functional outcomes. JAMA Network Open, 1(7), e184493.

Dell, P. F., & O’Neil, J. A. (Eds.). (2009). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. Routledge. 

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. 

Greenman, P. S., Renzi, A., Monaco, S., Luciani, F., & Di Trani, M. (2024). How does trauma make you sick? The role of attachment in explaining somatic symptoms of survivors of childhood trauma. Healthcare, 12(2), 203. 

Grummitt, L. R., Kreski, N. T., Kim, S. G., Platt, J., Keyes, K. M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021). Association of childhood adversity with morbidity and mortality in US adults. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(12), 1269–1270. 

Herzog, J. I., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological, psychosocial, and somatic conditions across the lifespan. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 420. 

Klinger-König, J., Erhardt, A., Streit, F., et al. (2024). Childhood trauma and somatic and mental illness in adulthood—Findings of the NAKO health study. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 

Liotti, G. (2004). Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(4), 472–486.

Mock, S. E., & Arai, S. M. (2011). Childhood trauma and chronic illness in adulthood: Mental health and socioeconomic status as explanatory factors and buffers. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 246. 

Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long-term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752. 

Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A., & Samara, M. (2020). Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life. BMJ, m3048. 

Sachs‐Ericsson, N. J., Sheffler, J. L., Stanley, I. H., Piazza, J. R., & Preacher, K. J. (2017). When emotional pain becomes physical: Adverse childhood experiences, pain, and the role of mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1403–1422.

Scott, K. M. (2011). Association of childhood adversities and early-onset mental disorders with adult-onset chronic physical conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(8), 838–844. 

Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., et al. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246.

Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. Guilford Press.

Simeon, D., & Abugel, J. (2006). Feeling unreal: Depersonalization disorder and the loss of the self. Oxford University Press.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. 

van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

Wu, B. (2024). Effects of early childhood trauma on adult mental health. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 39(1), 193–200. 

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the 'Paradox of Progress,' a psychological phenomenon explaining why society and individuals often dismantle the systems that made their successes possible. The episode explores this paradox in various realms including public health, civil rights, economics, and climate policy. The discussion reveals how our brains' tendency to forget problems once they are resolved leads to cyclical issues, like the resurgence of diseases or the rollback of civil protections. It emphasizes the importance of active memory and systemic maintenance to prevent the recurrence of past mistakes and underscores the universal challenge of sustaining progress.

00:00 Introduction to the Paradox of Progress
01:18 The Measles Comeback: A Case Study
03:55 Civil Rights and the Illusion of Finality
06:41 Economic Amnesia: The 2008 Financial Crisis
15:43 The Environmental Protection Challenge
18:37 The Psychology Behind Forgetting Success
20:28 Personal Reflection and Conclusion

VOTE FOR PSYBERSPACE THIS MONTH! I'm nominated for a Women in Podcasting award! Voting is open during the month of May - I'd love your support. Note: You don't have to vote for every category, just look for PsyberSpace in Science Podcasts at this link https://www.womenpodcasters.com/awards-voting?sc=27127076032d7fd70ddcab921ce8652fb78353d03

Research

Andersson, O., Campos-Mercade, P., Meier, A., & Wengström, E. (2020). Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance. Journal of Health Economics, 75, 102406.

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

Castel, A. D., & Rhodes, M. G. (2020). The role of memory confidence and overconfidence in cognitive aging. In The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology (pp. 287-294). Wiley.
Kruger, D. J., Fernandes, H. B. F., Cupal, S., & Homish, G. G. (2019). Life history variation and the preparedness paradox. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences.

Lifchits, G., Saucet, M., & Propose, J. (2021). Success narratives and attribution errors in organizational settings. Applied Psychology Review, 43(2), 156-172.

Loužek, M. (2021). Negativity bias and its impact on risk perception in modern society. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 678-691.

Luz, P. M., Nadanovsky, P., & Leask, J. (2020). Cognitive biases and vaccination decisions: A systematic review. Vaccine, 38(21), 3743-3751.

Meyer, R., & Kunreuther, H. (2017). The Ostrich Paradox: Why We Underprepare for Disasters. Wharton School Press
O'Brien, L. T. (2022). Incremental versus categorical change: Public perception and policy implications. Journal of Social Issues, 78(3), 445-462.

O'Reilly, C. A., & Hall, D. T. (2020). Grandiose narcissism, decision making, and leadership effectiveness. Leadership Quarterly, 31(4), 101-117.

Weber, E. U. (2006). Experience-based and description-based perceptions of long-term risk: Why global warming does not scare us (yet). Climatic Change, 77(1-2), 103-120.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores how artificial intelligence is reshaping cognition, particularly in education. The discussion focuses on the developmental impact of AI on children and the cognitive trade-offs associated with relying on AI tools. The episode delves into the science behind why traditional methods like handwriting are essential for learning, memory, and cognitive development. It also highlights the risks of cognitive offloading and suggests strategies for integrating AI thoughtfully without compromising critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The takeaway: while AI offers many conveniences, it’s crucial to balance its use to foster resilient, capable minds.

00:00 Introduction to AI and Cognitive Impact
01:01 AI in Education: Potential and Pitfalls
01:40 Cognitive Offloading and Dependency
04:30 The Importance of Handwriting
07:47 Developmental Concerns with Early AI Use
09:38 Critical Thinking and AI Reliance
11:25 Guardrails and Solutions
13:04 The Role of Productive Struggle
16:17 AI Hallucinations and Misinformation
18:43 Strategies for Thoughtful AI Integration
24:19 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research

Armitage, K. L., Naulls, S., & Gillett, H. R. (2023). Cognitive offloading of memory for visual pattern learning: Benefits for performance but costs for long-term learning. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 8(1), 60. 

Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Augsburger, A., & Garcia, N. (2009). Comparison of pen and keyboard transcription modes in children with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 32(3), 123-141. 

Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2011). Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning. In M. A. Gernsbacher, R. W. Pew, L. M. Hough, & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Psychology and the real world: Essays illustrating fundamental contributions to society (pp. 56-64). Worth Publishers.

Boaler, J. (2016). Mathematical mindsets: Unleashing students' potential through creative math, inspiring messages and innovative teaching. Jossey-Bass.

Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684. 

Dunn, T. L., & Risko, E. F. (2016). Toward a metacognitive account of cognitive offloading. Cognitive Science, 40(5), 1080-1127.

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.

Eskritt, M., & Ma, S. (2014). Intentional forgetting: Note-taking as a naturalistic example. Memory & Cognition, 42(2), 237-246. 

Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2016). Eight ways to promote generative learning. Educational Psychology Review, 28(4), 717-741.

Gerlich, M. (2023). AI tools in society: Impacts on cognitive offloading and the future of critical thinking. Societies, 15(1), 6. 

Hatano, A., Ogawa, K., Yamashita, M., & Yamamoto, H. (2021). Active memory processing mediated by hippocampal theta oscillations is important for memory stabilization during wake and sleep. Scientific Reports, 11, 12135. 

Ihara, A. S., Nakajima, K., Kake, A., Ishimaru, K., Osugi, K., & Naruse, Y. (2021). Advantage of handwriting over typing on learning words: Evidence from an N400 event-related potential index. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 679191. 

Kapur, M. (2016). Examining productive failure, productive success, unproductive failure, and unproductive success in learning. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 289-299. 

Kapur, M., & Bielaczyc, K. (2012). Designing for productive failure. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21(1), 45-83.

Kiefer, M., Schuler, S., Mayer, C., Trumpp, N. M., Hille, K., & Sachse, S. (2015). Handwriting or typewriting? The influence of pen- or keyboard-based writing training on reading and writing performance in preschool children. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 11(4), 136-146. 

Longcamp, M., Boucard, C., Gilhodes, J. C., Anton, J. L., Roth, M., Nazarian, B., & Velay, J. L. (2008). Learning through hand- or typewriting influences visual recognition of new graphic shapes: Behavioral and functional imaging evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(5), 802-815.

Mangen, A., Anda, L. G., Oxborough, G. H., & Brønnick, K. (2015). Handwriting versus keyboard writing: Effect on word recall. Journal of Writing Research, 7(2), 227-247.

Marsh, E. J., & Rajaram, S. (2019). The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(1), 1-14. 

Meyerhoff, H. S., Papenmeier, F., & Jahn, G. (2017). Memory for sequences of events is influenced by cognitive load and temporal delays. Open Psychology, 1(1), 58-75. 

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159-1168. 

Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676-688. 

Schwartz, D. L., & Martin, T. (2004). Inventing to prepare for future learning: The hidden efficiency of encouraging original student production in statistics instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 22(2), 129-184. 

Storm, B. C., Stone, S. M., & Benjamin, A. S. (2017). Using the Internet to access information inflates future use of the Internet to access other information. Memory, 25(6), 717-723. 

Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2019). Cognitive architecture and instructional design: 20 years later. Educational Psychology Review, 31(2), 261-292. 

van der Meer, A. L. H., & van der Weel, F. R. (2017). Only three fingers write, but the whole brain works: A high-density EEG study showing advantages of drawing over typing for learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 706. 

Vinci-Booher, S., James, T. W., & James, K. H. (2016). Visual-motor functional connectivity in preschool children emerges after handwriting experience. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 5(3), 107-120. 

Waldron, S. M., Patrick, J., Morgan, P. L., & King, S. (2007). Influencing cognitive strategy by manipulating information access. The Computer Journal, 50(6), 694-702.

New PREPRINT (meaning it still needs peer review) that came out after this was recorded shows similar cognitive issues in adults using LLMs: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.08872

Updated show notes to link to this new research from March 2026: Lodge J. M. and Loble L (2026). Artificial intelligence, cognitive offloading, and implications for education, University of Technology Sydney, doi:10.71741/4pyxmbnjaq.31302475.

Perhaps ironically, the show's transcription is AI generated.

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the psychological phenomenon of empathy, distinguishing it from sympathy and underscoring its pivotal role in moral reasoning, cooperation, and human survival. The episode explores the three types of empathy—cognitive, emotional, and compassionate—and how they are neurologically grounded. Leslie discusses the alarming trend of empathy being framed as a weakness or sin by authoritarian figures, media, and extremist ideologies, which aim to dehumanize outgroups for control. The episode emphasizes the importance of empathy in social cohesion and the dangers of its erosion, driven by fear and strategic manipulation. It also highlights effective strategies and programs for cultivating and restoring empathy in individuals and societies, advocating for small actions and systemic changes to foster a culture of care and mutual understanding.

00:00 Introduction to Empathy
01:32 The Psychology of Empathy
03:16 Empathy in Childhood Development
04:12 Empathy and Society
04:48 The Assault on Empathy
05:57 Empathy and Authoritarianism
08:25 Weaponization of Religion
11:09 The Rise of Spite
14:53 Rebuilding Empathy
18:17 Empathy in Action
22:00 Conclusion and Call to Action

I'm nominated for a Women in Podcasting award! Voting is open during the month of May - I'd love your support. Note: You don't have to vote for every category, just look for PsyberSpace in Science Podcasts at this link https://www.womenpodcasters.com/awards-voting?sc=27127076032d7fd70ddcab921ce8652fb78353d03

References

Altemeyer, B. (2006). The authoritarians. University of Manitoba Press.

Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., & Saxe, R. (2017). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(2), 149-153.

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In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the psychology behind the control and censorship of language, examining how it impacts us psychologically, socially, and politically. The discussion touches on historical and contemporary examples, including the strategic choice of words in South American dictatorships, the erasure of terms like 'diversity' and 'gender' in the U.S., and the euphemistic language used by corporations and governments. Highlighting theoretical and empirical research, Poston explores the profound effects linguistic control can have on thought, resistance, and identity. The episode underscores the importance of maintaining truthful and inclusive language as a means of resistance and psychological healing.

00:00 Introduction to the Language of Oppression
01:07 The Power of Language in Shaping Reality
02:23 Linguistic Deprivation and Cognitive Dissonance
03:35 Historical Examples of Language Control
11:38 Corporate and Governmental Language Policing
20:04 The Psychological Impact of Linguistic Oppression
25:24 Reclaiming Language for Resistance and Healing
28:05 Conclusion and Call to Action

Research

Arendt, H. (1951). The origins of totalitarianism. Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Bardon, T., Brown, A. D., & Pezé, S. (2017). Identity regulation, identity work and phronesis. Human Relations, 70(8), 940-965.

Boroditsky, L. (2011). How language shapes thought. Scientific American, 304(2), 62-65. 

Bourne, E. (1970). The state of research on ego identity: A review and appraisal. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 7(3), 223-251.

Bryant, J., & Oliver, M. B. (Eds.). (2009). Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Edelman, M. (1985). The symbolic uses of politics (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press.

Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. 

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Gonzalez, R. (2018). Lives in limbo: Undocumented and coming of age in America. Current Anthropology, 59(6), 741-762.

Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2003). The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. European Review of Social Psychology, 13(1), 111-153. 

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Orwell, G. (1949). Nineteen eighty-four. Secker & Warburg.

Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162-166. 

Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20, 331-369. 

Sapir, E. (1929). The status of linguistics as a science. Language, 5(4), 207-214. 

Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Scheper-Hughes, N. (1992). Death without weeping: The violence of everyday life in Brazil. University of California Press.

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Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W. H. Freeman.

Trouillot, M. R. (1995). Silencing the past: Power and the production of history. Beacon Press.

Um, K. (2015). From the land of shadows: War, revolution, and the making of the Cambodian diaspora. NYU Press.

van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

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In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston digs into the dark history of psychology, exploring its entanglements with colonialism, racism, sexism, and eugenics. The episode sheds light on how psychological theories and practices have upheld oppressive systems and sometimes caused harm. Poston emphasizes the importance of acknowledging these historical abuses to build a more ethical, inclusive, and just field. The episode also addresses how contemporary issues in psychology continue to reflect these historical biases, and how current scholars and practitioners are working to transform the discipline.

00:00 Introduction to the Shadow Side of Psychology
02:12 The Dark Roots of Modern Psychology
03:41 Eugenics and Its Devastating Impact
05:31 The Legacy of Intelligence Testing
09:11 Gender and Sexuality in Early Psychology
13:34 Institutional Failures and Ethical Breaches
20:01 Psychology in the Service of Profit and Control
27:41 Towards a More Ethical and Inclusive Psychology
31:15 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

Research

American Psychological Association. (2021, October). Apology to people of color for APA's role in promoting, perpetuating, and failing to challenge racism, racial discrimination, and human hierarchy in U.S.

American Psychological Association. (2021, October). Historical chronology: Examining psychology's contributions to the belief in racial hierarchy and perpetuation of inequality for people of color in U.S.

American Psychological Association. (2021, October). Role of psychology and the American Psychological Association in dismantling systemic racism against people of color in the United States.

Bakan, D. (1966). Behaviorism and American urbanization. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 5-28.

Bank, A. (1996). Of 'native skulls' and 'noble caucasians': Phrenology in colonial South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 22(3), 387-403.

Benjamin, L. T., & Baker, D. B. (2009). Recapturing a context for psychology: The role of history. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(1), 97–98.

Benschop, R., & Draaisma, D. (2000). In pursuit of precision: The calibration of minds and machines in late nineteenth-century psychology. Annals of Science, 57(1), 1-25.

Collins, A. F. (1999). The enduring appeal of physiognomy: Physical appearance as a sign of temperament, character, and intelligence. History of Psychology, 2(4), 251-276.

Coon, D. J. (1993). Standardizing the subject: Experimental psychologists, introspection, and the quest for a technoscientific ideal. Technology and Culture, 34(4), 757-783.

Crowther-Heyck, H. (1999). George A. Miller, language, and the computer metaphor and mind. History of Psychology, 2(1), 37-64.

Danziger, K. (1980). The history of introspection reconsidered. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16(3), 241-262.

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Galton, F. (1904). Eugenics: Its definition, scope, and aims. The American Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 1-24.

Gergen, K. J. (2001). Psychological science in a postmodern context. American Psychologist, 56(10), 803-813.

Guthrie, R. V. (2004). Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.

Harris, B. (2016). Therapeutic work and mental illness in America, c. 1830–1970. In W. Ernst (Ed.), Work, psychiatry and society, c. 1750–2015 (pp. 55-76). Manchester University Press.

Herek, G. M. (2010). Sexual orientation differences as deficits: Science and stigma in the history of American psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(6), 693-699.

Hornstein, G. A. (1992). The return of the repressed: Psychology's problematic relations with psychoanalysis, 1909–1960. American Psychologist, 47(2), 254-263.

Kevles, D. J. (1968). Testing the Army's intelligence: Psychologists and the military in World War I. Journal of American History, 55(3), 565-581.

Klopfer, W. G. (1973). The short history of projective techniques. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 9(1), 60-65.

Levin, B. E. (2015, September). The 10 most egregious U.S. abuses of psychology and psychiatry. Salon.

Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 141-144.

Pickren, W. E. (2009). Liberating history: The context of the challenge of psychologists of color to American psychology. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(4), 425-433.

Pickren, W., & Rutherford, A. (2010). A history of modern psychology in context. John Wiley & Sons.

Rutherford, A., Vaughn-Blount, K., & Ball, L. C. (2010). Responsible opposition, disruptive voices: Science, social change, and the history of feminist psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 460-473.

Shields, S. A. (2007). Passionate men, emotional women: Psychology constructs gender difference in the late 19th century. History of Psychology, 10(2), 92-110. 

Taylor, E. (2000). Psychotherapeutics and the problematic origins of clinical psychology in America. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1029-1033. 

In this episode of PsyberSpace, host Leslie Poston explores the often overlooked impact of political memes on our digital and real-world environments. While memes may seem harmless or even humorous on the surface, they can trivialize serious issues such as authoritarianism and fascism, thereby dulling societal urgency and fracturing crucial coalitions. Leslie digs into the psychology and neuroscience behind these digital behaviors, discussing how repeated exposure to meme content can desensitize us to real threats, influence political engagement, and even rewire our brain's reward systems. The episode emphasizes the significance of understanding algorithmic literacy and the need for more intentional and strategic use of digital platforms for effective resistance. Instead of resorting to memes that mock and ridicule, Leslie encourages the use of online tools to inform, organize, and galvanize people toward meaningful action. The episode concludes with practical tips on how to use social media more responsibly and effectively in the fight against fascism.

00:00 Introduction to the Power of Memes in Politics
00:53 The Hidden Dangers of Political Memes
02:05 Psychological and Neurological Impact of Memes
04:54 The Role of Social Media Algorithms
07:30 Political Branding and Online Behavior
12:35 Effective Digital Activism Strategies
19:37 Conclusion: Intentional Digital Resistance

Episode topic inspired by Imani Barbarin in these two videos: Video 1, Video 2
For more of Imani's communications insights, follow her on TikTok or Twitter, sign up for her Patreon, or view her website.

Research

Bail, C. A. (2021). Breaking the social media prism: How to make our platforms less polarizing. Princeton University Press.

Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2017). Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(28), 7313-7318.

Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., & Clark, M. D. (2018). Beyond the hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact.
Hagen, S. & de Zeeuw, D. (2023) Based and confused: Tracing the political connotations of a memetic phrase across the web. Big Data & Society, 10(1).
Hagen, S., & Venturini, T. (2024). Memecry: tracing the repetition-with-variation of formulas on 4chan/pol. Information, Communication & Society, 27(3), 466-497.

Haidt, J., & Rose-Stockwell, T. (2019). The dark psychology of social networks. The Atlantic, 324(5), 56-65.

Heiss, R., Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2019). What drives interaction in political actors' Facebook posts? Profile and content predictors of user engagement and political actors' reactions. Information, Communication & Society, 22(10), 1497-1513.
Kiela, D., Firooz, H., Mohan, A., Goswami, V., Singh, A., Ringshia, P., & Testuggine, D. (2020). The hateful memes challenge: Detecting hate speech in multimodal memes. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 2611-2624.

Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Thorson, K. (2016). Good citizenship as a frame contest: Kony2012, memes, and critiques of the networked citizen. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1993-2011.
Martinez Pandiani, D., Sang, E. T. K., & Ceolin, D. (2024). Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities. arXiv e-prints, arXiv-2406.

Matamoros-Fernández, A. (2020). 'El Negro de WhatsApp' meme, digital blackface, and racism on social media. First Monday, 25(12).

Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2020). You are here: A field guide for navigating polarized speech, conspiracy theories, and our polluted media landscape. MIT Press.

Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390-395.

Reed, L., & Boyd, D. (2016). Who controls the public sphere in an era of algorithms? Questions and assumptions. Data & Society.
Sharma, S., Alam, F., Akhtar, M. S., Dimitrov, D., Da San Martino, G., Firooz, H., ... & Chakraborty, T. (2022). Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Survey. In Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 July 2022 (pp. 5597-5606).

Schumann, S., & Klein, O. (2015). Substitute or stepping stone? Assessing the impact of low-threshold online collective actions on offline participation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 308-322.

Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. MIT Press.

Stanley, J. (2018). How fascism works: The politics of us and them. Random House.

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151.

Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., Blackburn, J., De Cristofaro, E., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Suarez-Tangil, G. (2018). On the origins of memes by means of fringe web communities. Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018, 188-202.
Zeng, J., & Abidin, C. (2021). '#OkBoomer, time to meet the Zoomers': Studying the memefication of intergenerational politics on TikTok. Information, Communication & Society, 24(16), 2459-2481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2021.1961007