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    <description>Latin for "prepared," Paratus is a podcast sponsored by Veritas International University. Paratus is dedicated to helping Christians develop a Biblical worldview, assisting listeners to think scripturally and soundly about the world today. </description>
    <copyright>2023 Paratus Podcasts, Veritas International University</copyright>
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    <podcast:person role="Host" href="https://www.ves.edu">Luke Betzner</podcast:person>
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    <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2026 09:39:40 -0600</pubDate>
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    <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
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    <itunes:summary>Latin for "prepared," Paratus is a podcast sponsored by Veritas International University. Paratus is dedicated to helping Christians develop a Biblical worldview, assisting listeners to think scripturally and soundly about the world today. </itunes:summary>
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    <itunes:complete>No</itunes:complete>
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      <title>Design in Nature: Does Biology Reveal Intelligent Design? | Emily Reeves &amp; Brian Miller</title>
      <itunes:season>8</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>8</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Does nature merely look designed, or does biology provide testable evidence of intelligent purpose?</strong></p><p>Host Luke Betzner welcomes biochemist <strong>Emily Reeves, Ph.D.</strong>, and physicist <strong>Brian Miller, Ph.D.</strong>, of Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture for a wide-ranging discussion of design in nature.</p><p>Reeves and Miller explain why human beings reliably recognize design, how scientific testing can distinguish purposeful organization from accidental patterns, and why natural selection may describe the filtering and optimization of existing biological variation without explaining the origin of organisms’ integrated architecture. They examine biological archetypes, constrained variation, molecular machines, protein-sequence rarity, and the engineering principles found in vision, hearing, and cellular systems.</p><p><strong>In this episode:</strong></p><ul><li>Why design intuition deserves serious scientific consideration</li><li>How lived experience and the scientific method work together</li><li>Why some scientists resist design explanations</li><li>The difference between the survival of the fittest and the arrival of the fittest</li><li>Natural selection as a population-level filtering mechanism</li><li>Biological archetypes and constrained variation</li><li>Why similarity does not necessarily establish common ancestry</li><li>The probability problem confronting unguided protein formation</li><li>Molecular machines and mitochondrial Complex I</li><li>The integrated engineering of human vision and hearing</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters:</strong><br> 00:00 Paratus and Veritas International University<br> 00:27 Introducing Emily Reeves and Brian Miller<br> 01:16 The guests’ scientific backgrounds<br> 03:05 Why design intuition should be taken seriously<br> 07:11 Cookies, know-how, and recognizing intelligent activity<br> 10:30 Why people resist evidence of design<br> 13:43 From designed artifacts to living systems<br> 16:48 What natural selection can and cannot explain<br> 21:38 Adaptation, variation, and biological architecture<br> 27:09 Archetypes and the limits of evolutionary change<br> 33:38 Empirical and theoretical evidence for fixed patterns<br> 38:29 Protein rarity and the probability problem<br> 42:26 Molecular machines and mitochondrial Complex I<br> 46:39 The extraordinary engineering of vision and hearing<br> 51:20 Recommended websites, books, and research<br> 53:51 Support Paratus and preview the next episode</p><p><strong>About the guests:</strong></p><p><strong>Emily Reeves, Ph.D.</strong>, is a research scientist with Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. Her background is in biochemistry, systems biology, and the application of engineering methodologies to biological research.</p><p><strong>Brian Miller, Ph.D.</strong>, is Senior Fellow and Research Coordinator for Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. He earned his doctorate in complex systems physics from Duke University and studies subjects including the origin of life, protein rarity, thermodynamics, and engineering principles in biology. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/miller/">Brian Miller’s Discovery Institute profile</a></p><p><strong>Resources mentioned:</strong></p><ul><li><a href="https://intelligentdesign.org/">IntelligentDesign.org</a></li><li><a href="https://scienceandculture.com/">Science and Culture Today</a></li><li>Douglas Axe, <em>Undeniable</em></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/your-designed-body/">Steve Laufmann and Howard Glicksman, <em>Your Designed Body</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/your-amazing-body/">Steve Laufmann and Howard Glicksman, <em>Your Amazing Body</em></a></li><li><a href="https://discovery.press/b/ultimate-engineering/">Stuart Burgess, <em>Ultimate Engineering</em></a></li><li><a href="https://bio-complexity.org/ojs/index.php/main/article/viewArticle/140/">“The Broad Utility of the Theory of Intelligent Design to Guide Scientific Research”</a> by Casey Luskin, Emily Reeves, Brian Miller, and Jonathan McLatchie</li></ul><p>This discussion continues Season 8 of <em>Paratus</em>, examining science and the Christian faith through <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden.</p><p><strong>Support the outreach of Veritas International University:</strong> <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">Give to VIU</a>. Your tax-deductible support helps listeners think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully.</p><p>Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p>]]>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Does nature merely look designed, or does biology provide testable evidence of intelligent purpose?</strong></p><p>Host Luke Betzner welcomes biochemist <strong>Emily Reeves, Ph.D.</strong>, and physicist <strong>Brian Miller, Ph.D.</strong>, of Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture for a wide-ranging discussion of design in nature.</p><p>Reeves and Miller explain why human beings reliably recognize design, how scientific testing can distinguish purposeful organization from accidental patterns, and why natural selection may describe the filtering and optimization of existing biological variation without explaining the origin of organisms’ integrated architecture. They examine biological archetypes, constrained variation, molecular machines, protein-sequence rarity, and the engineering principles found in vision, hearing, and cellular systems.</p><p><strong>In this episode:</strong></p><ul><li>Why design intuition deserves serious scientific consideration</li><li>How lived experience and the scientific method work together</li><li>Why some scientists resist design explanations</li><li>The difference between the survival of the fittest and the arrival of the fittest</li><li>Natural selection as a population-level filtering mechanism</li><li>Biological archetypes and constrained variation</li><li>Why similarity does not necessarily establish common ancestry</li><li>The probability problem confronting unguided protein formation</li><li>Molecular machines and mitochondrial Complex I</li><li>The integrated engineering of human vision and hearing</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters:</strong><br> 00:00 Paratus and Veritas International University<br> 00:27 Introducing Emily Reeves and Brian Miller<br> 01:16 The guests’ scientific backgrounds<br> 03:05 Why design intuition should be taken seriously<br> 07:11 Cookies, know-how, and recognizing intelligent activity<br> 10:30 Why people resist evidence of design<br> 13:43 From designed artifacts to living systems<br> 16:48 What natural selection can and cannot explain<br> 21:38 Adaptation, variation, and biological architecture<br> 27:09 Archetypes and the limits of evolutionary change<br> 33:38 Empirical and theoretical evidence for fixed patterns<br> 38:29 Protein rarity and the probability problem<br> 42:26 Molecular machines and mitochondrial Complex I<br> 46:39 The extraordinary engineering of vision and hearing<br> 51:20 Recommended websites, books, and research<br> 53:51 Support Paratus and preview the next episode</p><p><strong>About the guests:</strong></p><p><strong>Emily Reeves, Ph.D.</strong>, is a research scientist with Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. Her background is in biochemistry, systems biology, and the application of engineering methodologies to biological research.</p><p><strong>Brian Miller, Ph.D.</strong>, is Senior Fellow and Research Coordinator for Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. He earned his doctorate in complex systems physics from Duke University and studies subjects including the origin of life, protein rarity, thermodynamics, and engineering principles in biology. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/miller/">Brian Miller’s Discovery Institute profile</a></p><p><strong>Resources mentioned:</strong></p><ul><li><a href="https://intelligentdesign.org/">IntelligentDesign.org</a></li><li><a href="https://scienceandculture.com/">Science and Culture Today</a></li><li>Douglas Axe, <em>Undeniable</em></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/your-designed-body/">Steve Laufmann and Howard Glicksman, <em>Your Designed Body</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/your-amazing-body/">Steve Laufmann and Howard Glicksman, <em>Your Amazing Body</em></a></li><li><a href="https://discovery.press/b/ultimate-engineering/">Stuart Burgess, <em>Ultimate Engineering</em></a></li><li><a href="https://bio-complexity.org/ojs/index.php/main/article/viewArticle/140/">“The Broad Utility of the Theory of Intelligent Design to Guide Scientific Research”</a> by Casey Luskin, Emily Reeves, Brian Miller, and Jonathan McLatchie</li></ul><p>This discussion continues Season 8 of <em>Paratus</em>, examining science and the Christian faith through <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden.</p><p><strong>Support the outreach of Veritas International University:</strong> <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">Give to VIU</a>. Your tax-deductible support helps listeners think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully.</p><p>Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p>]]>
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      <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 13:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Luke Betzner</author>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Does nature merely look designed, or does biology provide testable evidence of intelligent purpose?</strong></p><p>Host Luke Betzner welcomes biochemist <strong>Emily Reeves, Ph.D.</strong>, and physicist <strong>Brian Miller, Ph.D.</strong>, of Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture for a wide-ranging discussion of design in nature.</p><p>Reeves and Miller explain why human beings reliably recognize design, how scientific testing can distinguish purposeful organization from accidental patterns, and why natural selection may describe the filtering and optimization of existing biological variation without explaining the origin of organisms’ integrated architecture. They examine biological archetypes, constrained variation, molecular machines, protein-sequence rarity, and the engineering principles found in vision, hearing, and cellular systems.</p><p><strong>In this episode:</strong></p><ul><li>Why design intuition deserves serious scientific consideration</li><li>How lived experience and the scientific method work together</li><li>Why some scientists resist design explanations</li><li>The difference between the survival of the fittest and the arrival of the fittest</li><li>Natural selection as a population-level filtering mechanism</li><li>Biological archetypes and constrained variation</li><li>Why similarity does not necessarily establish common ancestry</li><li>The probability problem confronting unguided protein formation</li><li>Molecular machines and mitochondrial Complex I</li><li>The integrated engineering of human vision and hearing</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters:</strong><br> 00:00 Paratus and Veritas International University<br> 00:27 Introducing Emily Reeves and Brian Miller<br> 01:16 The guests’ scientific backgrounds<br> 03:05 Why design intuition should be taken seriously<br> 07:11 Cookies, know-how, and recognizing intelligent activity<br> 10:30 Why people resist evidence of design<br> 13:43 From designed artifacts to living systems<br> 16:48 What natural selection can and cannot explain<br> 21:38 Adaptation, variation, and biological architecture<br> 27:09 Archetypes and the limits of evolutionary change<br> 33:38 Empirical and theoretical evidence for fixed patterns<br> 38:29 Protein rarity and the probability problem<br> 42:26 Molecular machines and mitochondrial Complex I<br> 46:39 The extraordinary engineering of vision and hearing<br> 51:20 Recommended websites, books, and research<br> 53:51 Support Paratus and preview the next episode</p><p><strong>About the guests:</strong></p><p><strong>Emily Reeves, Ph.D.</strong>, is a research scientist with Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. Her background is in biochemistry, systems biology, and the application of engineering methodologies to biological research.</p><p><strong>Brian Miller, Ph.D.</strong>, is Senior Fellow and Research Coordinator for Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. He earned his doctorate in complex systems physics from Duke University and studies subjects including the origin of life, protein rarity, thermodynamics, and engineering principles in biology. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/miller/">Brian Miller’s Discovery Institute profile</a></p><p><strong>Resources mentioned:</strong></p><ul><li><a href="https://intelligentdesign.org/">IntelligentDesign.org</a></li><li><a href="https://scienceandculture.com/">Science and Culture Today</a></li><li>Douglas Axe, <em>Undeniable</em></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/your-designed-body/">Steve Laufmann and Howard Glicksman, <em>Your Designed Body</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/your-amazing-body/">Steve Laufmann and Howard Glicksman, <em>Your Amazing Body</em></a></li><li><a href="https://discovery.press/b/ultimate-engineering/">Stuart Burgess, <em>Ultimate Engineering</em></a></li><li><a href="https://bio-complexity.org/ojs/index.php/main/article/viewArticle/140/">“The Broad Utility of the Theory of Intelligent Design to Guide Scientific Research”</a> by Casey Luskin, Emily Reeves, Brian Miller, and Jonathan McLatchie</li></ul><p>This discussion continues Season 8 of <em>Paratus</em>, examining science and the Christian faith through <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden.</p><p><strong>Support the outreach of Veritas International University:</strong> <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">Give to VIU</a>. Your tax-deductible support helps listeners think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully.</p><p>Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p>]]>
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      <itunes:keywords>Paratus podcast, Veritas International University, VIU, design in nature, intelligent design, Emily Reeves, Brian Miller, Discovery Institute, Center for Science and Culture, science and faith, Christian apologetics, biblical worldview, Douglas Axe, design intuition, natural selection, survival of the fittest, arrival of the fittest, biological archetypes, systems biology, molecular machines, mitochondrial Complex I, protein sequence rarity, origin of life, common ancestry, neo-Darwinism, engineering in biology, human vision, human hearing, Your Designed Body, Ultimate Engineering, Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://paratus.transistor.fm/people/dr-emily-reeves">Dr. Emily Reeves</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://paratus.transistor.fm/people/dr-brian-miller">Dr. Brian Miller</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Host" href="https://www.ves.edu">Luke Betzner</podcast:person>
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      <title>Why Intelligent Design Matters | William A. Dembski</title>
      <itunes:season>8</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>8</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>5</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Why Intelligent Design Matters | William A. Dembski</itunes:title>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Can patterns in nature provide reliable scientific evidence of intelligence—and why does that question matter for Christian faith and contemporary culture?</strong></p><p>Dr. William A. Dembski joins host Luke Betzner to explain the foundations of intelligent design, the logic of design detection, and the profound consequences of treating intelligence as fundamental rather than merely an accidental product of matter. Drawing upon mathematics, probability, information theory, philosophy, biology, and theology, Dembski shows why highly improbable, independently recognizable patterns can warrant an inference to intelligent causation.</p><p>The conversation examines specified complexity, DNA as a genuine coding system, the unresolved origin-of-life problem, directed panspermia, the limits of chemical and biological evolution, and the philosophical commitments underlying materialism. Dembski also explains why recognizing God as Creator is foundational to understanding God as Redeemer—and why Christians should recover the doctrine of creation as a serious intellectual and theological concern.</p><p><strong>In this episode:</strong></p><ul><li>How Dembski’s training in mathematics, philosophy, and theology shaped his work</li><li>Why intelligent design is a scientific inference rather than a religious placeholder</li><li>How probability and independently recognizable patterns reveal intelligent causation</li><li>The archer-and-target illustration and the logic of specified complexity</li><li>DNA, protein production, and the biological information problem</li><li>Why origin-of-life research has not explained the first functioning cell</li><li>Possibility versus probability in materialistic explanations</li><li>Whether intelligence can arise from an entirely unguided process</li><li>The “Who designed the designer?” objection and explanatory termini</li><li>Why directed panspermia relocates rather than resolves the design problem</li><li>Intelligent design as a research program involving inference, engineering, and reverse engineering</li><li>Darwinism, materialism, and the Christian doctrine of creation</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters:</strong><br> 00:01 — Welcome to Paratus<br> 00:42 — Why does intelligent design matter?<br> 01:22 — William Dembski’s interdisciplinary journey<br> 04:29 — Can God’s handiwork be investigated scientifically?<br> 08:31 — What kinds of patterns indicate intelligence?<br> 12:22 — The archer, the target, and specified complexity<br> 17:10 — DNA, proteins, and the genetic code<br> 20:47 — Evolution and the unresolved origin of life<br> 24:42 — Possibility is not probability<br> 26:16 — Can intelligence emerge from matter alone?<br> 28:21 — “Who designed the designer?”<br> 34:40 — Why panspermia does not solve the problem<br> 38:41 — Chemical evolution and prebiotic experiments<br> 42:46 — The first cell and irreducible biological systems<br> 46:09 — Intelligent design as a scientific research program<br> 49:22 — Science, materialism, and competing explanations<br> 54:56 — Why intelligent design ultimately matters<br> 58:41 — Mutation rates, fixation rates, and evolutionary time<br> 01:02:02 — Recommended resources<br> 01:04:06 — Support VIU and preview the next episode</p><p><strong>Guest:</strong><br> William A. Dembski, Ph.D. (Mathematics), Ph.D. (Philosophy), M.Div., is a mathematician, philosopher, theologian, author, and a Founding and Senior Fellow of Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. He is also a Distinguished Fellow of the Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence and the author or editor of more than 25 books.</p><p><strong>Guest and resources:</strong><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/dembski/">William A. Dembski — Discovery Institute profile</a><br> <a href="https://billdembski.substack.com/">Bill’s Substack</a><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/the-design-inference/">The Design Inference, Second Edition</a><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/">The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</a></p><p><strong>Support the mission:</strong><br> Paratus is the broadcast ministry of Veritas International University. Help VIU equip Christians to think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully by visiting <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p><p>Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p>]]>
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      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Can patterns in nature provide reliable scientific evidence of intelligence—and why does that question matter for Christian faith and contemporary culture?</strong></p><p>Dr. William A. Dembski joins host Luke Betzner to explain the foundations of intelligent design, the logic of design detection, and the profound consequences of treating intelligence as fundamental rather than merely an accidental product of matter. Drawing upon mathematics, probability, information theory, philosophy, biology, and theology, Dembski shows why highly improbable, independently recognizable patterns can warrant an inference to intelligent causation.</p><p>The conversation examines specified complexity, DNA as a genuine coding system, the unresolved origin-of-life problem, directed panspermia, the limits of chemical and biological evolution, and the philosophical commitments underlying materialism. Dembski also explains why recognizing God as Creator is foundational to understanding God as Redeemer—and why Christians should recover the doctrine of creation as a serious intellectual and theological concern.</p><p><strong>In this episode:</strong></p><ul><li>How Dembski’s training in mathematics, philosophy, and theology shaped his work</li><li>Why intelligent design is a scientific inference rather than a religious placeholder</li><li>How probability and independently recognizable patterns reveal intelligent causation</li><li>The archer-and-target illustration and the logic of specified complexity</li><li>DNA, protein production, and the biological information problem</li><li>Why origin-of-life research has not explained the first functioning cell</li><li>Possibility versus probability in materialistic explanations</li><li>Whether intelligence can arise from an entirely unguided process</li><li>The “Who designed the designer?” objection and explanatory termini</li><li>Why directed panspermia relocates rather than resolves the design problem</li><li>Intelligent design as a research program involving inference, engineering, and reverse engineering</li><li>Darwinism, materialism, and the Christian doctrine of creation</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters:</strong><br> 00:01 — Welcome to Paratus<br> 00:42 — Why does intelligent design matter?<br> 01:22 — William Dembski’s interdisciplinary journey<br> 04:29 — Can God’s handiwork be investigated scientifically?<br> 08:31 — What kinds of patterns indicate intelligence?<br> 12:22 — The archer, the target, and specified complexity<br> 17:10 — DNA, proteins, and the genetic code<br> 20:47 — Evolution and the unresolved origin of life<br> 24:42 — Possibility is not probability<br> 26:16 — Can intelligence emerge from matter alone?<br> 28:21 — “Who designed the designer?”<br> 34:40 — Why panspermia does not solve the problem<br> 38:41 — Chemical evolution and prebiotic experiments<br> 42:46 — The first cell and irreducible biological systems<br> 46:09 — Intelligent design as a scientific research program<br> 49:22 — Science, materialism, and competing explanations<br> 54:56 — Why intelligent design ultimately matters<br> 58:41 — Mutation rates, fixation rates, and evolutionary time<br> 01:02:02 — Recommended resources<br> 01:04:06 — Support VIU and preview the next episode</p><p><strong>Guest:</strong><br> William A. Dembski, Ph.D. (Mathematics), Ph.D. (Philosophy), M.Div., is a mathematician, philosopher, theologian, author, and a Founding and Senior Fellow of Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. He is also a Distinguished Fellow of the Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence and the author or editor of more than 25 books.</p><p><strong>Guest and resources:</strong><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/dembski/">William A. Dembski — Discovery Institute profile</a><br> <a href="https://billdembski.substack.com/">Bill’s Substack</a><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/the-design-inference/">The Design Inference, Second Edition</a><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/">The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</a></p><p><strong>Support the mission:</strong><br> Paratus is the broadcast ministry of Veritas International University. Help VIU equip Christians to think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully by visiting <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p><p>Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2026 13:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Luke Betzner</author>
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      <itunes:author>Luke Betzner</itunes:author>
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      <itunes:duration>3920</itunes:duration>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Can patterns in nature provide reliable scientific evidence of intelligence—and why does that question matter for Christian faith and contemporary culture?</strong></p><p>Dr. William A. Dembski joins host Luke Betzner to explain the foundations of intelligent design, the logic of design detection, and the profound consequences of treating intelligence as fundamental rather than merely an accidental product of matter. Drawing upon mathematics, probability, information theory, philosophy, biology, and theology, Dembski shows why highly improbable, independently recognizable patterns can warrant an inference to intelligent causation.</p><p>The conversation examines specified complexity, DNA as a genuine coding system, the unresolved origin-of-life problem, directed panspermia, the limits of chemical and biological evolution, and the philosophical commitments underlying materialism. Dembski also explains why recognizing God as Creator is foundational to understanding God as Redeemer—and why Christians should recover the doctrine of creation as a serious intellectual and theological concern.</p><p><strong>In this episode:</strong></p><ul><li>How Dembski’s training in mathematics, philosophy, and theology shaped his work</li><li>Why intelligent design is a scientific inference rather than a religious placeholder</li><li>How probability and independently recognizable patterns reveal intelligent causation</li><li>The archer-and-target illustration and the logic of specified complexity</li><li>DNA, protein production, and the biological information problem</li><li>Why origin-of-life research has not explained the first functioning cell</li><li>Possibility versus probability in materialistic explanations</li><li>Whether intelligence can arise from an entirely unguided process</li><li>The “Who designed the designer?” objection and explanatory termini</li><li>Why directed panspermia relocates rather than resolves the design problem</li><li>Intelligent design as a research program involving inference, engineering, and reverse engineering</li><li>Darwinism, materialism, and the Christian doctrine of creation</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters:</strong><br> 00:01 — Welcome to Paratus<br> 00:42 — Why does intelligent design matter?<br> 01:22 — William Dembski’s interdisciplinary journey<br> 04:29 — Can God’s handiwork be investigated scientifically?<br> 08:31 — What kinds of patterns indicate intelligence?<br> 12:22 — The archer, the target, and specified complexity<br> 17:10 — DNA, proteins, and the genetic code<br> 20:47 — Evolution and the unresolved origin of life<br> 24:42 — Possibility is not probability<br> 26:16 — Can intelligence emerge from matter alone?<br> 28:21 — “Who designed the designer?”<br> 34:40 — Why panspermia does not solve the problem<br> 38:41 — Chemical evolution and prebiotic experiments<br> 42:46 — The first cell and irreducible biological systems<br> 46:09 — Intelligent design as a scientific research program<br> 49:22 — Science, materialism, and competing explanations<br> 54:56 — Why intelligent design ultimately matters<br> 58:41 — Mutation rates, fixation rates, and evolutionary time<br> 01:02:02 — Recommended resources<br> 01:04:06 — Support VIU and preview the next episode</p><p><strong>Guest:</strong><br> William A. Dembski, Ph.D. (Mathematics), Ph.D. (Philosophy), M.Div., is a mathematician, philosopher, theologian, author, and a Founding and Senior Fellow of Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. He is also a Distinguished Fellow of the Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence and the author or editor of more than 25 books.</p><p><strong>Guest and resources:</strong><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/dembski/">William A. Dembski — Discovery Institute profile</a><br> <a href="https://billdembski.substack.com/">Bill’s Substack</a><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/the-design-inference/">The Design Inference, Second Edition</a><br> <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/">The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</a></p><p><strong>Support the mission:</strong><br> Paratus is the broadcast ministry of Veritas International University. Help VIU equip Christians to think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully by visiting <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p><p>Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Paratus podcast, Veritas International University, VIU, William A. Dembski, intelligent design, why intelligent design matters, specified complexity, design inference, The Design Inference, science and faith, Christian apologetics, biblical worldview, Discovery Institute, Center for Science and Culture, origin of life, genetic code, DNA information, information theory, probability, materialism, Darwinism, natural selection, chemical evolution, biological evolution, directed panspermia, irreducible complexity, philosophy of science, doctrine of creation, Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://billdembski.substack.com/">Dr. William A. Dembski</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Host" href="https://www.ves.edu">Luke Betzner</podcast:person>
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      <title>What Is the Biblical and Scientific Case for a Historical Adam and Eve? | Casey Luskin &amp; Michael Keas</title>
      <itunes:season>8</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>8</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>4</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>What Is the Biblical and Scientific Case for a Historical Adam and Eve? | Casey Luskin &amp; Michael Keas</itunes:title>
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        <![CDATA[<p>Were Adam and Eve real historical people, and how should Christians evaluate scientific arguments about human origins? Host Luke Betzner welcomes Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Michael Keas to examine the biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve, the fossil and genetic evidence discussed in debates over human ancestry, and proposals for reconciling Christianity with evolutionary accounts of human origins.</p><p>Drawing on <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, the conversation explores Jesus’ and Paul’s references to Adam and Eve, four alternative models of human origins, questions surrounding biblical genealogies and the dating of humanity, and population-genetics modeling. Luskin and Keas explain their arguments for the traditional view and discuss how evidence and coherence shape their evaluation of competing models. Their interpretations and critiques are presented as the guests’ positions in an ongoing debate.</p><p><strong>In this episode</strong></p><ul><li>The biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve</li><li>Fossil evidence and human genetic diversity</li><li>Evolutionary creationism, Homo divinus, genealogical Adam and Eve, and Homo heidelbergensis proposals</li><li>Genesis genealogies and the question of when Adam and Eve lived</li><li>Population-genetics models and the possibility of an original pair</li><li>Recommended books and further reading</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters</strong><br> 00:27 Introduction and guests<br> 03:47 The biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve<br> 12:16 Two scientific challenges: fossils and genetics<br> 18:53 Four alternative models of human origins<br> 27:53 Evaluating the models against Scripture<br> 36:15 Do biblical genealogies establish a date?<br> 40:18 Genetic diversity and a primordial pair<br> 47:45 Final thoughts<br> 50:50 Recommended reading<br> 53:41 Support Paratus and closing</p><p><strong>Resources mentioned</strong></p><ul><li><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by Joseph M. Holden, William A. Dembski, and Casey Luskin</li><li>C. John Collins, <em>Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?</em> and <em>Reading Genesis Well</em></li><li>Casey Luskin, “Comparing Contemporary Evangelical Models Regarding Human Origins,” <em>Religions</em></li><li>Discovery Institute: <a href="https://www.discovery.org/">discovery.org</a></li></ul><p><strong>About Paratus</strong><br>Paratus is the podcast of Veritas International University, helping Christians develop a biblical worldview and think scripturally and soundly about faith and culture. Learn more at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Were Adam and Eve real historical people, and how should Christians evaluate scientific arguments about human origins? Host Luke Betzner welcomes Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Michael Keas to examine the biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve, the fossil and genetic evidence discussed in debates over human ancestry, and proposals for reconciling Christianity with evolutionary accounts of human origins.</p><p>Drawing on <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, the conversation explores Jesus’ and Paul’s references to Adam and Eve, four alternative models of human origins, questions surrounding biblical genealogies and the dating of humanity, and population-genetics modeling. Luskin and Keas explain their arguments for the traditional view and discuss how evidence and coherence shape their evaluation of competing models. Their interpretations and critiques are presented as the guests’ positions in an ongoing debate.</p><p><strong>In this episode</strong></p><ul><li>The biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve</li><li>Fossil evidence and human genetic diversity</li><li>Evolutionary creationism, Homo divinus, genealogical Adam and Eve, and Homo heidelbergensis proposals</li><li>Genesis genealogies and the question of when Adam and Eve lived</li><li>Population-genetics models and the possibility of an original pair</li><li>Recommended books and further reading</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters</strong><br> 00:27 Introduction and guests<br> 03:47 The biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve<br> 12:16 Two scientific challenges: fossils and genetics<br> 18:53 Four alternative models of human origins<br> 27:53 Evaluating the models against Scripture<br> 36:15 Do biblical genealogies establish a date?<br> 40:18 Genetic diversity and a primordial pair<br> 47:45 Final thoughts<br> 50:50 Recommended reading<br> 53:41 Support Paratus and closing</p><p><strong>Resources mentioned</strong></p><ul><li><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by Joseph M. Holden, William A. Dembski, and Casey Luskin</li><li>C. John Collins, <em>Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?</em> and <em>Reading Genesis Well</em></li><li>Casey Luskin, “Comparing Contemporary Evangelical Models Regarding Human Origins,” <em>Religions</em></li><li>Discovery Institute: <a href="https://www.discovery.org/">discovery.org</a></li></ul><p><strong>About Paratus</strong><br>Paratus is the podcast of Veritas International University, helping Christians develop a biblical worldview and think scripturally and soundly about faith and culture. Learn more at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 03 Oct 2026 13:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Luke Betzner</author>
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      <itunes:author>Luke Betzner</itunes:author>
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      <itunes:duration>3300</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Were Adam and Eve real historical people, and how should Christians evaluate scientific arguments about human origins? Host Luke Betzner welcomes Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Michael Keas to examine the biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve, the fossil and genetic evidence discussed in debates over human ancestry, and proposals for reconciling Christianity with evolutionary accounts of human origins.</p><p>Drawing on <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, the conversation explores Jesus’ and Paul’s references to Adam and Eve, four alternative models of human origins, questions surrounding biblical genealogies and the dating of humanity, and population-genetics modeling. Luskin and Keas explain their arguments for the traditional view and discuss how evidence and coherence shape their evaluation of competing models. Their interpretations and critiques are presented as the guests’ positions in an ongoing debate.</p><p><strong>In this episode</strong></p><ul><li>The biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve</li><li>Fossil evidence and human genetic diversity</li><li>Evolutionary creationism, Homo divinus, genealogical Adam and Eve, and Homo heidelbergensis proposals</li><li>Genesis genealogies and the question of when Adam and Eve lived</li><li>Population-genetics models and the possibility of an original pair</li><li>Recommended books and further reading</li></ul><p><strong>Chapters</strong><br> 00:27 Introduction and guests<br> 03:47 The biblical case for a historical Adam and Eve<br> 12:16 Two scientific challenges: fossils and genetics<br> 18:53 Four alternative models of human origins<br> 27:53 Evaluating the models against Scripture<br> 36:15 Do biblical genealogies establish a date?<br> 40:18 Genetic diversity and a primordial pair<br> 47:45 Final thoughts<br> 50:50 Recommended reading<br> 53:41 Support Paratus and closing</p><p><strong>Resources mentioned</strong></p><ul><li><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by Joseph M. Holden, William A. Dembski, and Casey Luskin</li><li>C. John Collins, <em>Did Adam and Eve Really Exist?</em> and <em>Reading Genesis Well</em></li><li>Casey Luskin, “Comparing Contemporary Evangelical Models Regarding Human Origins,” <em>Religions</em></li><li>Discovery Institute: <a href="https://www.discovery.org/">discovery.org</a></li></ul><p><strong>About Paratus</strong><br>Paratus is the podcast of Veritas International University, helping Christians develop a biblical worldview and think scripturally and soundly about faith and culture. Learn more at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Paratus podcast, Veritas International University, VIU, historical Adam and Eve, biblical Adam and Eve, human origins, science and faith, Christian apologetics, biblical worldview, Casey Luskin, Michael Keas, Discovery Institute, Genesis 1 and 2, Genesis genealogies, population genetics, human genetic diversity, hominid fossils, paleoanthropology, evolutionary creationism, theistic evolution, genealogical Adam and Eve, Homo divinus, Homo heidelbergensis, C John Collins, intelligent design, Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://paratus.transistor.fm/people/dr-michael-keas">Dr. Michael Keas</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://caseyluskin.com/">Dr. Casey Luskin</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Host" href="https://www.ves.edu">Luke Betzner</podcast:person>
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    <item>
      <title>Has Science Refuted Miracles and the Supernatural? | Jonathan McLatchie &amp; Brian Miller</title>
      <itunes:season>8</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>8</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>3</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Has Science Refuted Miracles and the Supernatural? | Jonathan McLatchie &amp; Brian Miller</itunes:title>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Has science refuted miracles and the supernatural?</strong> Paratus host Luke Betzner welcomes Discovery Institute scholars Dr. Jonathan McLatchie and Dr. Brian Miller to discuss what scientific inquiry can tell us about extraordinary events, how historical reasoning differs from laboratory experimentation, and the philosophical questions raised by claims of divine action.</p><p>Continuing Season 8's exploration of science and Christian faith, the conversation draws on Richard G. Howe's chapter in <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by Joseph M. Holden, William A. Dembski, and Casey Luskin. The guests examine David Hume's objections, the historical case for Jesus' resurrection, claims of contemporary miracles, and the relationship between scientific evidence and philosophical assumptions. The guests' interpretations and arguments are presented for listeners to consider.</p><p>Chapters</p><p>00:27 Introduction and guests<br>02:40 What can science tell us about miracles?<br>05:07 Historical science versus laboratory science<br>09:49 Defining miracles and their biblical purpose<br>12:03 The God-of-the-gaps objection<br>17:44 Where science ends and philosophy begins<br>22:44 David Hume's objections to miracles<br>28:50 Forgotten historical defenders of Christianity<br>32:24 Can science refute the existence of God?<br>37:20 Angels, demons, and contemporary miracle claims<br>41:14 Invisible causes and evidence of agency<br>47:27 Final arguments and the resurrection<br>51:50 Brian Miller's concluding thoughts<br>54:46 Recommended reading<br>56:54 Guest organizations and closing</p><p>Guests</p><p><strong>Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</strong> is a resident biologist and fellow at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture and founder of <a href="https://talkaboutdoubts.com/">Talk About Doubts</a>, a ministry offering private conversations to people exploring doubts and questions about Christianity. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/mclatchie/">Discovery Institute profile</a>.</p><p><strong>Dr. Brian Miller</strong> is Research Coordinator and Senior Fellow at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. His research interests include the origin of life, protein rarity, and the intersection of engineering and biology. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/miller/">Discovery Institute profile</a>.</p><p>Recommended reading and resources</p><ul><li>Craig S. Keener, <em>Miracles Today: The Supernatural Work of God in the Modern World</em> — recommended by Brian Miller.</li><li>John Douglas, <em>The Criterion; or, Rules by Which the True Miracles Recorded in the New Testament Are Distinguished from the Spurious Miracles of Pagans and Papists</em> — recommended by Jonathan McLatchie.</li><li>George Campbell, <em>A Dissertation on Miracles</em>.</li><li>William Paley, <em>A View of the Evidences of Christianity</em>.</li><li>George Lyttelton, <em>Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul</em>.</li><li>Lydia McGrew, <em>Hidden in Plain View: Undesigned Coincidences in the Gospels and Acts</em>, and her other works on Gospel reliability.</li><li><a href="https://historicalapologetics.org/">Library of Historical Apologetics</a> — a source for historical apologetics works mentioned during the discussion.</li></ul><p>Explore the guests' work at <a href="https://www.discovery.org/">Discovery Institute</a>. Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>. Next episode: the historical Adam and Eve with Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Michael Keas.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Has science refuted miracles and the supernatural?</strong> Paratus host Luke Betzner welcomes Discovery Institute scholars Dr. Jonathan McLatchie and Dr. Brian Miller to discuss what scientific inquiry can tell us about extraordinary events, how historical reasoning differs from laboratory experimentation, and the philosophical questions raised by claims of divine action.</p><p>Continuing Season 8's exploration of science and Christian faith, the conversation draws on Richard G. Howe's chapter in <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by Joseph M. Holden, William A. Dembski, and Casey Luskin. The guests examine David Hume's objections, the historical case for Jesus' resurrection, claims of contemporary miracles, and the relationship between scientific evidence and philosophical assumptions. The guests' interpretations and arguments are presented for listeners to consider.</p><p>Chapters</p><p>00:27 Introduction and guests<br>02:40 What can science tell us about miracles?<br>05:07 Historical science versus laboratory science<br>09:49 Defining miracles and their biblical purpose<br>12:03 The God-of-the-gaps objection<br>17:44 Where science ends and philosophy begins<br>22:44 David Hume's objections to miracles<br>28:50 Forgotten historical defenders of Christianity<br>32:24 Can science refute the existence of God?<br>37:20 Angels, demons, and contemporary miracle claims<br>41:14 Invisible causes and evidence of agency<br>47:27 Final arguments and the resurrection<br>51:50 Brian Miller's concluding thoughts<br>54:46 Recommended reading<br>56:54 Guest organizations and closing</p><p>Guests</p><p><strong>Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</strong> is a resident biologist and fellow at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture and founder of <a href="https://talkaboutdoubts.com/">Talk About Doubts</a>, a ministry offering private conversations to people exploring doubts and questions about Christianity. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/mclatchie/">Discovery Institute profile</a>.</p><p><strong>Dr. Brian Miller</strong> is Research Coordinator and Senior Fellow at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. His research interests include the origin of life, protein rarity, and the intersection of engineering and biology. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/miller/">Discovery Institute profile</a>.</p><p>Recommended reading and resources</p><ul><li>Craig S. Keener, <em>Miracles Today: The Supernatural Work of God in the Modern World</em> — recommended by Brian Miller.</li><li>John Douglas, <em>The Criterion; or, Rules by Which the True Miracles Recorded in the New Testament Are Distinguished from the Spurious Miracles of Pagans and Papists</em> — recommended by Jonathan McLatchie.</li><li>George Campbell, <em>A Dissertation on Miracles</em>.</li><li>William Paley, <em>A View of the Evidences of Christianity</em>.</li><li>George Lyttelton, <em>Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul</em>.</li><li>Lydia McGrew, <em>Hidden in Plain View: Undesigned Coincidences in the Gospels and Acts</em>, and her other works on Gospel reliability.</li><li><a href="https://historicalapologetics.org/">Library of Historical Apologetics</a> — a source for historical apologetics works mentioned during the discussion.</li></ul><p>Explore the guests' work at <a href="https://www.discovery.org/">Discovery Institute</a>. Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>. Next episode: the historical Adam and Eve with Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Michael Keas.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Luke Betzner</author>
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      <itunes:author>Luke Betzner</itunes:author>
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      <itunes:duration>3516</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Has science refuted miracles and the supernatural?</strong> Paratus host Luke Betzner welcomes Discovery Institute scholars Dr. Jonathan McLatchie and Dr. Brian Miller to discuss what scientific inquiry can tell us about extraordinary events, how historical reasoning differs from laboratory experimentation, and the philosophical questions raised by claims of divine action.</p><p>Continuing Season 8's exploration of science and Christian faith, the conversation draws on Richard G. Howe's chapter in <em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em>, edited by Joseph M. Holden, William A. Dembski, and Casey Luskin. The guests examine David Hume's objections, the historical case for Jesus' resurrection, claims of contemporary miracles, and the relationship between scientific evidence and philosophical assumptions. The guests' interpretations and arguments are presented for listeners to consider.</p><p>Chapters</p><p>00:27 Introduction and guests<br>02:40 What can science tell us about miracles?<br>05:07 Historical science versus laboratory science<br>09:49 Defining miracles and their biblical purpose<br>12:03 The God-of-the-gaps objection<br>17:44 Where science ends and philosophy begins<br>22:44 David Hume's objections to miracles<br>28:50 Forgotten historical defenders of Christianity<br>32:24 Can science refute the existence of God?<br>37:20 Angels, demons, and contemporary miracle claims<br>41:14 Invisible causes and evidence of agency<br>47:27 Final arguments and the resurrection<br>51:50 Brian Miller's concluding thoughts<br>54:46 Recommended reading<br>56:54 Guest organizations and closing</p><p>Guests</p><p><strong>Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</strong> is a resident biologist and fellow at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture and founder of <a href="https://talkaboutdoubts.com/">Talk About Doubts</a>, a ministry offering private conversations to people exploring doubts and questions about Christianity. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/mclatchie/">Discovery Institute profile</a>.</p><p><strong>Dr. Brian Miller</strong> is Research Coordinator and Senior Fellow at Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. His research interests include the origin of life, protein rarity, and the intersection of engineering and biology. <a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/miller/">Discovery Institute profile</a>.</p><p>Recommended reading and resources</p><ul><li>Craig S. Keener, <em>Miracles Today: The Supernatural Work of God in the Modern World</em> — recommended by Brian Miller.</li><li>John Douglas, <em>The Criterion; or, Rules by Which the True Miracles Recorded in the New Testament Are Distinguished from the Spurious Miracles of Pagans and Papists</em> — recommended by Jonathan McLatchie.</li><li>George Campbell, <em>A Dissertation on Miracles</em>.</li><li>William Paley, <em>A View of the Evidences of Christianity</em>.</li><li>George Lyttelton, <em>Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul</em>.</li><li>Lydia McGrew, <em>Hidden in Plain View: Undesigned Coincidences in the Gospels and Acts</em>, and her other works on Gospel reliability.</li><li><a href="https://historicalapologetics.org/">Library of Historical Apologetics</a> — a source for historical apologetics works mentioned during the discussion.</li></ul><p>Explore the guests' work at <a href="https://www.discovery.org/">Discovery Institute</a>. Learn more about Veritas International University at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>. Next episode: the historical Adam and Eve with Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Michael Keas.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>Paratus podcast, Veritas International University, VIU, Jonathan McLatchie, Brian Miller, science and faith, science and miracles, has science refuted miracles, supernatural, miracles and science, Christian apologetics, biblical worldview, historical science, experimental science, philosophy of science, scientific method, historical events, existence of God, angels and demons, Richard G Howe, Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith, Discovery Institute</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://jonathanmclatchie.com/">Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Host" href="https://www.ves.edu">Luke Betzner</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://paratus.transistor.fm/people/dr-brian-miller">Dr. Brian Miller</podcast:person>
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      <title>Faith and Reason: Is Christianity Rational? | Dr. Don Deal</title>
      <itunes:season>8</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>8</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>2</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Faith and Reason: Is Christianity Rational? | Dr. Don Deal</itunes:title>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Can Christian faith be intellectually responsible—and what role should reason play in knowing and trusting God?</strong> Host Luke Betzner is joined by Christian apologist and scholar Dr. Don Deal for a careful exploration of faith, reason, evidence, logic, revelation, and truth.</p><p>Dr. Deal explains why biblical faith is neither blind belief nor skeptical paralysis. Faith and reason perform distinct but cooperative roles: reason evaluates evidence and exposes contradiction, revelation supplies truths human inquiry could not discover on its own, and faith entrusts the believer to what God has revealed. The conversation also examines how Christians can reason faithfully without elevating human reason above God.</p><p>In this episode</p><ul><li>How faith and reason work together without becoming identical</li><li>Why reason is a God-given capacity rather than an autonomous judge over God</li><li>General revelation, special revelation, and rational grounds for belief</li><li>The dangers of fideism, rationalism, pragmatism, and circular reasoning</li><li>Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning explained</li><li>Why logical training matters for discipleship, discernment, and evangelism</li><li>Scientific reasoning, certainty, probability, and inference to the best explanation</li><li>Truth, beauty, love, logic, and realities that science cannot measure directly</li><li>How to engage skeptics and materialists through thoughtful questions rather than information overload</li><li>How Jesus used Scripture, questions, evidence, analogy, and logical argument</li><li>How Christians can weigh evidence with intellectual honesty and theological confidence</li></ul><p>Chapters</p><p> 00:00 Welcome to Paratus<br> 00:27 Introducing Dr. Don Deal<br> 01:39 Dr. Deal’s journey from aviation to apologetics<br> 03:57 How faith and reason work together<br> 11:56 What reason is—and what it is not<br> 20:34 Pragmatism, contradiction, and competing worldviews<br> 23:40 Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning<br> 28:22 Learning to reason well<br> 29:40 Why Christians should study logic<br> 31:49 The real conflict: truth versus error<br> 33:45 Science, induction, and levels of certainty<br> 36:10 What science cannot see<br> 39:12 Engaging materialists without “beating them with information”<br> 44:45 How Jesus used reason and evidence<br> 50:32 Weighing evidence as a Christian<br> 54:33 Faith that understands and reason that seeks truth<br> 55:54 Recommended reading<br> 57:15 Norm Geisler International Ministries and Veritas<br> 58:18 Preview of the next episode </p><p>Guest</p><p><strong>Dr. Don Deal</strong> is a Christian apologist, scholar, and Director of Classical Apologetics at Norm Geisler International Ministries. He also teaches scientific apologetics at Veritas International University. Learn more about his work and the Norm Geisler Institute at <a href="https://ngim.org">ngim.org</a>.</p><p>Recommended reading</p><ul><li><em>Reasons for Belief: Easy-to-Understand Answers to 10 Essential Questions</em> — Norman L. Geisler and Patty Tunnicliffe</li><li><em>Twelve Points That Show Christianity Is True</em> — Norman L. Geisler; available through the <a href="https://ngim.org/?page_id=122">NGIM store</a></li><li><em>Christian Apologetics</em> — Norman L. Geisler</li><li><a href="https://www.crossway.org/books/reasons-for-faith-tpb/"><em>Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith</em></a> — edited by Norman L. Geisler and Chad V. Meister</li><li><em>Come, Let Us Reason: An Introduction to Logical Thinking</em> — Norman L. Geisler and Ronald M. Brooks</li></ul><p>Season 8 resource</p><p>This season’s conversations are guided by <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/"><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em></a>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden.</p><p>About Paratus</p><p><em>Paratus</em> is the broadcast ministry of <a href="https://ves.edu">Veritas International University</a>, helping Christians develop a biblical worldview so they can think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully in changing times.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Can Christian faith be intellectually responsible—and what role should reason play in knowing and trusting God?</strong> Host Luke Betzner is joined by Christian apologist and scholar Dr. Don Deal for a careful exploration of faith, reason, evidence, logic, revelation, and truth.</p><p>Dr. Deal explains why biblical faith is neither blind belief nor skeptical paralysis. Faith and reason perform distinct but cooperative roles: reason evaluates evidence and exposes contradiction, revelation supplies truths human inquiry could not discover on its own, and faith entrusts the believer to what God has revealed. The conversation also examines how Christians can reason faithfully without elevating human reason above God.</p><p>In this episode</p><ul><li>How faith and reason work together without becoming identical</li><li>Why reason is a God-given capacity rather than an autonomous judge over God</li><li>General revelation, special revelation, and rational grounds for belief</li><li>The dangers of fideism, rationalism, pragmatism, and circular reasoning</li><li>Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning explained</li><li>Why logical training matters for discipleship, discernment, and evangelism</li><li>Scientific reasoning, certainty, probability, and inference to the best explanation</li><li>Truth, beauty, love, logic, and realities that science cannot measure directly</li><li>How to engage skeptics and materialists through thoughtful questions rather than information overload</li><li>How Jesus used Scripture, questions, evidence, analogy, and logical argument</li><li>How Christians can weigh evidence with intellectual honesty and theological confidence</li></ul><p>Chapters</p><p> 00:00 Welcome to Paratus<br> 00:27 Introducing Dr. Don Deal<br> 01:39 Dr. Deal’s journey from aviation to apologetics<br> 03:57 How faith and reason work together<br> 11:56 What reason is—and what it is not<br> 20:34 Pragmatism, contradiction, and competing worldviews<br> 23:40 Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning<br> 28:22 Learning to reason well<br> 29:40 Why Christians should study logic<br> 31:49 The real conflict: truth versus error<br> 33:45 Science, induction, and levels of certainty<br> 36:10 What science cannot see<br> 39:12 Engaging materialists without “beating them with information”<br> 44:45 How Jesus used reason and evidence<br> 50:32 Weighing evidence as a Christian<br> 54:33 Faith that understands and reason that seeks truth<br> 55:54 Recommended reading<br> 57:15 Norm Geisler International Ministries and Veritas<br> 58:18 Preview of the next episode </p><p>Guest</p><p><strong>Dr. Don Deal</strong> is a Christian apologist, scholar, and Director of Classical Apologetics at Norm Geisler International Ministries. He also teaches scientific apologetics at Veritas International University. Learn more about his work and the Norm Geisler Institute at <a href="https://ngim.org">ngim.org</a>.</p><p>Recommended reading</p><ul><li><em>Reasons for Belief: Easy-to-Understand Answers to 10 Essential Questions</em> — Norman L. Geisler and Patty Tunnicliffe</li><li><em>Twelve Points That Show Christianity Is True</em> — Norman L. Geisler; available through the <a href="https://ngim.org/?page_id=122">NGIM store</a></li><li><em>Christian Apologetics</em> — Norman L. Geisler</li><li><a href="https://www.crossway.org/books/reasons-for-faith-tpb/"><em>Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith</em></a> — edited by Norman L. Geisler and Chad V. Meister</li><li><em>Come, Let Us Reason: An Introduction to Logical Thinking</em> — Norman L. Geisler and Ronald M. Brooks</li></ul><p>Season 8 resource</p><p>This season’s conversations are guided by <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/"><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em></a>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden.</p><p>About Paratus</p><p><em>Paratus</em> is the broadcast ministry of <a href="https://ves.edu">Veritas International University</a>, helping Christians develop a biblical worldview so they can think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully in changing times.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 19 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Luke Betzner</author>
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      <itunes:author>Luke Betzner</itunes:author>
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      <itunes:duration>3538</itunes:duration>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Can Christian faith be intellectually responsible—and what role should reason play in knowing and trusting God?</strong> Host Luke Betzner is joined by Christian apologist and scholar Dr. Don Deal for a careful exploration of faith, reason, evidence, logic, revelation, and truth.</p><p>Dr. Deal explains why biblical faith is neither blind belief nor skeptical paralysis. Faith and reason perform distinct but cooperative roles: reason evaluates evidence and exposes contradiction, revelation supplies truths human inquiry could not discover on its own, and faith entrusts the believer to what God has revealed. The conversation also examines how Christians can reason faithfully without elevating human reason above God.</p><p>In this episode</p><ul><li>How faith and reason work together without becoming identical</li><li>Why reason is a God-given capacity rather than an autonomous judge over God</li><li>General revelation, special revelation, and rational grounds for belief</li><li>The dangers of fideism, rationalism, pragmatism, and circular reasoning</li><li>Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning explained</li><li>Why logical training matters for discipleship, discernment, and evangelism</li><li>Scientific reasoning, certainty, probability, and inference to the best explanation</li><li>Truth, beauty, love, logic, and realities that science cannot measure directly</li><li>How to engage skeptics and materialists through thoughtful questions rather than information overload</li><li>How Jesus used Scripture, questions, evidence, analogy, and logical argument</li><li>How Christians can weigh evidence with intellectual honesty and theological confidence</li></ul><p>Chapters</p><p> 00:00 Welcome to Paratus<br> 00:27 Introducing Dr. Don Deal<br> 01:39 Dr. Deal’s journey from aviation to apologetics<br> 03:57 How faith and reason work together<br> 11:56 What reason is—and what it is not<br> 20:34 Pragmatism, contradiction, and competing worldviews<br> 23:40 Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning<br> 28:22 Learning to reason well<br> 29:40 Why Christians should study logic<br> 31:49 The real conflict: truth versus error<br> 33:45 Science, induction, and levels of certainty<br> 36:10 What science cannot see<br> 39:12 Engaging materialists without “beating them with information”<br> 44:45 How Jesus used reason and evidence<br> 50:32 Weighing evidence as a Christian<br> 54:33 Faith that understands and reason that seeks truth<br> 55:54 Recommended reading<br> 57:15 Norm Geisler International Ministries and Veritas<br> 58:18 Preview of the next episode </p><p>Guest</p><p><strong>Dr. Don Deal</strong> is a Christian apologist, scholar, and Director of Classical Apologetics at Norm Geisler International Ministries. He also teaches scientific apologetics at Veritas International University. Learn more about his work and the Norm Geisler Institute at <a href="https://ngim.org">ngim.org</a>.</p><p>Recommended reading</p><ul><li><em>Reasons for Belief: Easy-to-Understand Answers to 10 Essential Questions</em> — Norman L. Geisler and Patty Tunnicliffe</li><li><em>Twelve Points That Show Christianity Is True</em> — Norman L. Geisler; available through the <a href="https://ngim.org/?page_id=122">NGIM store</a></li><li><em>Christian Apologetics</em> — Norman L. Geisler</li><li><a href="https://www.crossway.org/books/reasons-for-faith-tpb/"><em>Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith</em></a> — edited by Norman L. Geisler and Chad V. Meister</li><li><em>Come, Let Us Reason: An Introduction to Logical Thinking</em> — Norman L. Geisler and Ronald M. Brooks</li></ul><p>Season 8 resource</p><p>This season’s conversations are guided by <a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/"><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith</em></a>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden.</p><p>About Paratus</p><p><em>Paratus</em> is the broadcast ministry of <a href="https://ves.edu">Veritas International University</a>, helping Christians develop a biblical worldview so they can think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully in changing times.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
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      <itunes:keywords>faith and reason, Christianity and reason, Christian apologetics, biblical worldview, logic and faith, evidence for Christianity, Dr. Don Deal, Norm Geisler, Norm Geisler International Ministries, NGIM, Paratus podcast, Veritas International University, VIU, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, inference to the best explanation, revelation, objective truth, rationalism, fideism, scientism, science and faith, evangelism, Jesus and logic</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://ngim.org">Dr. Don Deal</podcast:person>
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      <title>Science and Faith: Are Christianity and Science Compatible? | Casey Luskin &amp; Jonathan McLatchie</title>
      <itunes:season>8</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>8</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>1</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Science and Faith: Are Christianity and Science Compatible? | Casey Luskin &amp; Jonathan McLatchie</itunes:title>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Are science and Christianity fundamentally at odds—or can they converge in a common pursuit of truth?</strong></p><p>Host Luke Betzner opens Season 8 of <em>Paratus</em> with Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Jonathan McLatchie of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. Together they examine what science is, what biblical faith is, and whether the two are genuinely incompatible.</p><p>The conversation moves beyond the familiar “science versus faith” conflict. Luskin and McLatchie consider the limits of scientific consensus, the difference between evidence and authority, methodological naturalism, scientism, confirmation bias, and the importance of testing every claim. They also explore evidence bearing on a Creator—including the beginning and fine-tuning of the universe, the information-rich character of life, and the cumulative case for intelligent design and Christianity.</p><p>In this episode</p><ul><li>Science as an empirical, evidence-governed search for truth</li><li>Faith as rational trust grounded in evidence rather than blind belief</li><li>Conflict, separation, and qualified-agreement models of science and religion</li><li>Why methodological naturalism can prevent investigators from recognizing intelligent causes</li><li>Scientism, cognitive dissonance, institutional pressure, and scientific consensus</li><li>The Big Bang, cosmic fine-tuning, biological information, and the origin of life</li><li>Why multiple independent lines of evidence form a cumulative case for theism and Christianity</li></ul><p>Chapters</p><p>00:17 — Welcome and the Season 8 question<br>01:14 — Meet Jonathan McLatchie and Casey Luskin<br>03:50 — What is science?<br>07:50 — What is faith?<br>12:32 — How science and faith relate to truth<br>18:19 — Why people separate science and faith<br>25:21 — Methodological naturalism explained<br>29:23 — Confirmation bias and intelligent causes<br>33:34 — Scientism: when science becomes an idol<br>37:24 — Cognitive dissonance, theology, and scientific claims<br>42:17 — Testing agenda-driven claims with a scout mindset<br>45:31 — Creation, the Big Bang, and fine-tuning<br>50:20 — A cumulative case for design and Christianity<br>53:39 — Recommended books and further study<br>55:43 — Closing resources and a preview of Episode 2</p><p>Guests and resources</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/luskin/">Dr. Casey Luskin</a> — Associate Director, Research Director, and Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture</li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/mclatchie/">Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</a> — Fellow of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture</li><li><a href="https://jonathanmclatchie.com/">JonathanMcLatchie.com</a></li><li><a href="https://talkaboutdoubts.com/">Talk About Doubts</a> — confidential conversations for those examining doubts about Christianity</li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/">Discovery Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/"><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith: Exploring the Ultimate Questions About Life and the Cosmos</em></a>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden</li></ul><p>Recommended reading mentioned in the episode</p><p><em>Undeniable</em> by Douglas Axe; <em>Signature in the Cell</em>, <em>Darwin’s Doubt</em>, and <em>Return of the God Hypothesis</em> by Stephen C. Meyer; works by C. John Collins on science and Genesis; <em>Theistic Evolution: A Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Critique</em>; and <em>The Scout Mindset</em> by Julia Galef.</p><p>About Paratus</p><p><em>Paratus</em> is sponsored by <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">Veritas International University</a> and exists to defend and discuss unchanging truth in changing times—helping listeners think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully within a biblical worldview.</p><p>Learn more about VIU at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
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        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Are science and Christianity fundamentally at odds—or can they converge in a common pursuit of truth?</strong></p><p>Host Luke Betzner opens Season 8 of <em>Paratus</em> with Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Jonathan McLatchie of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. Together they examine what science is, what biblical faith is, and whether the two are genuinely incompatible.</p><p>The conversation moves beyond the familiar “science versus faith” conflict. Luskin and McLatchie consider the limits of scientific consensus, the difference between evidence and authority, methodological naturalism, scientism, confirmation bias, and the importance of testing every claim. They also explore evidence bearing on a Creator—including the beginning and fine-tuning of the universe, the information-rich character of life, and the cumulative case for intelligent design and Christianity.</p><p>In this episode</p><ul><li>Science as an empirical, evidence-governed search for truth</li><li>Faith as rational trust grounded in evidence rather than blind belief</li><li>Conflict, separation, and qualified-agreement models of science and religion</li><li>Why methodological naturalism can prevent investigators from recognizing intelligent causes</li><li>Scientism, cognitive dissonance, institutional pressure, and scientific consensus</li><li>The Big Bang, cosmic fine-tuning, biological information, and the origin of life</li><li>Why multiple independent lines of evidence form a cumulative case for theism and Christianity</li></ul><p>Chapters</p><p>00:17 — Welcome and the Season 8 question<br>01:14 — Meet Jonathan McLatchie and Casey Luskin<br>03:50 — What is science?<br>07:50 — What is faith?<br>12:32 — How science and faith relate to truth<br>18:19 — Why people separate science and faith<br>25:21 — Methodological naturalism explained<br>29:23 — Confirmation bias and intelligent causes<br>33:34 — Scientism: when science becomes an idol<br>37:24 — Cognitive dissonance, theology, and scientific claims<br>42:17 — Testing agenda-driven claims with a scout mindset<br>45:31 — Creation, the Big Bang, and fine-tuning<br>50:20 — A cumulative case for design and Christianity<br>53:39 — Recommended books and further study<br>55:43 — Closing resources and a preview of Episode 2</p><p>Guests and resources</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/luskin/">Dr. Casey Luskin</a> — Associate Director, Research Director, and Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture</li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/mclatchie/">Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</a> — Fellow of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture</li><li><a href="https://jonathanmclatchie.com/">JonathanMcLatchie.com</a></li><li><a href="https://talkaboutdoubts.com/">Talk About Doubts</a> — confidential conversations for those examining doubts about Christianity</li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/">Discovery Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/"><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith: Exploring the Ultimate Questions About Life and the Cosmos</em></a>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden</li></ul><p>Recommended reading mentioned in the episode</p><p><em>Undeniable</em> by Douglas Axe; <em>Signature in the Cell</em>, <em>Darwin’s Doubt</em>, and <em>Return of the God Hypothesis</em> by Stephen C. Meyer; works by C. John Collins on science and Genesis; <em>Theistic Evolution: A Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Critique</em>; and <em>The Scout Mindset</em> by Julia Galef.</p><p>About Paratus</p><p><em>Paratus</em> is sponsored by <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">Veritas International University</a> and exists to defend and discuss unchanging truth in changing times—helping listeners think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully within a biblical worldview.</p><p>Learn more about VIU at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 12 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Luke Betzner</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/a6aaae52/9e4dc27b.mp3" length="83948239" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Luke Betzner</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/IxrFKAqI4xMi-2YJn73doWThNKbCkM1udt9A-Ts3xoY/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS81MDJk/OTNjN2JmNzM3ZTIy/M2Y3MmU1NmE3NjA5/NjMyMS5qcGc.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>3496</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p><strong>Are science and Christianity fundamentally at odds—or can they converge in a common pursuit of truth?</strong></p><p>Host Luke Betzner opens Season 8 of <em>Paratus</em> with Dr. Casey Luskin and Dr. Jonathan McLatchie of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture. Together they examine what science is, what biblical faith is, and whether the two are genuinely incompatible.</p><p>The conversation moves beyond the familiar “science versus faith” conflict. Luskin and McLatchie consider the limits of scientific consensus, the difference between evidence and authority, methodological naturalism, scientism, confirmation bias, and the importance of testing every claim. They also explore evidence bearing on a Creator—including the beginning and fine-tuning of the universe, the information-rich character of life, and the cumulative case for intelligent design and Christianity.</p><p>In this episode</p><ul><li>Science as an empirical, evidence-governed search for truth</li><li>Faith as rational trust grounded in evidence rather than blind belief</li><li>Conflict, separation, and qualified-agreement models of science and religion</li><li>Why methodological naturalism can prevent investigators from recognizing intelligent causes</li><li>Scientism, cognitive dissonance, institutional pressure, and scientific consensus</li><li>The Big Bang, cosmic fine-tuning, biological information, and the origin of life</li><li>Why multiple independent lines of evidence form a cumulative case for theism and Christianity</li></ul><p>Chapters</p><p>00:17 — Welcome and the Season 8 question<br>01:14 — Meet Jonathan McLatchie and Casey Luskin<br>03:50 — What is science?<br>07:50 — What is faith?<br>12:32 — How science and faith relate to truth<br>18:19 — Why people separate science and faith<br>25:21 — Methodological naturalism explained<br>29:23 — Confirmation bias and intelligent causes<br>33:34 — Scientism: when science becomes an idol<br>37:24 — Cognitive dissonance, theology, and scientific claims<br>42:17 — Testing agenda-driven claims with a scout mindset<br>45:31 — Creation, the Big Bang, and fine-tuning<br>50:20 — A cumulative case for design and Christianity<br>53:39 — Recommended books and further study<br>55:43 — Closing resources and a preview of Episode 2</p><p>Guests and resources</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/luskin/">Dr. Casey Luskin</a> — Associate Director, Research Director, and Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture</li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/p/mclatchie/">Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</a> — Fellow of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture</li><li><a href="https://jonathanmclatchie.com/">JonathanMcLatchie.com</a></li><li><a href="https://talkaboutdoubts.com/">Talk About Doubts</a> — confidential conversations for those examining doubts about Christianity</li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/">Discovery Institute</a></li><li><a href="https://www.discovery.org/b/comprehensive-guide-to-science-and-faith/"><em>The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith: Exploring the Ultimate Questions About Life and the Cosmos</em></a>, edited by William A. Dembski, Casey Luskin, and Joseph M. Holden</li></ul><p>Recommended reading mentioned in the episode</p><p><em>Undeniable</em> by Douglas Axe; <em>Signature in the Cell</em>, <em>Darwin’s Doubt</em>, and <em>Return of the God Hypothesis</em> by Stephen C. Meyer; works by C. John Collins on science and Genesis; <em>Theistic Evolution: A Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Critique</em>; and <em>The Scout Mindset</em> by Julia Galef.</p><p>About Paratus</p><p><em>Paratus</em> is sponsored by <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">Veritas International University</a> and exists to defend and discuss unchanging truth in changing times—helping listeners think deeply, stand firmly, and live purposefully within a biblical worldview.</p><p>Learn more about VIU at <a href="https://ves.edu/">ves.edu</a>.</p><p><strong>Support Paratus and Veritas International University</strong><br>Help sustain this outreach at <a href="https://ves.edu/give/">ves.edu/give</a>.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>science and faith, Christianity and science, intelligent design, Christian apologetics, biblical worldview, Discovery Institute, Casey Luskin, Jonathan McLatchie, Paratus podcast, Veritas International University, VIU, faith and reason, evidence for God, methodological naturalism, scientism, Big Bang, cosmic fine-tuning, origin of life, biological information, evolution, creation, theism</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
      <podcast:person role="Host" href="https://www.ves.edu">Luke Betzner</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://caseyluskin.com/">Dr. Casey Luskin</podcast:person>
      <podcast:person role="Guest" href="https://jonathanmclatchie.com/">Dr. Jonathan McLatchie</podcast:person>
      <podcast:transcript url="https://share.transistor.fm/s/a6aaae52/transcription.vtt" type="text/vtt" rel="captions"/>
      <podcast:transcript url="https://share.transistor.fm/s/a6aaae52/transcription.srt" type="application/x-subrip" rel="captions"/>
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      <podcast:transcript url="https://share.transistor.fm/s/a6aaae52/transcription" type="text/html"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Necessity of Grace</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>10</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>10</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>The Necessity of Grace</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
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      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/10</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>God’s grace is a central feature of salvation. Without grace, people can’t be saved.  As the Apostle Paul wrote in Ephesians 2: 8-9: “For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; <em>it is</em> the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast.” Because of God’s unmerited favor, we have access to the Father by one Spirit, with Christ as our cornerstone. Therefore, grace is an essential doctrine of the Christian faith.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>God’s grace is a central feature of salvation. Without grace, people can’t be saved.  As the Apostle Paul wrote in Ephesians 2: 8-9: “For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; <em>it is</em> the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast.” Because of God’s unmerited favor, we have access to the Father by one Spirit, with Christ as our cornerstone. Therefore, grace is an essential doctrine of the Christian faith.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 14:29:30 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/68b01798/6e4e9115.mp3" length="61762224" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/C4MkDb5TKe-efjE7KXDmDfVKhxzABtpKC3qFj5nx1eM/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS9mN2Jj/MTZmN2Q5ZGUzMjRk/ODY1YWY2OGEyNjFj/ODc1OC5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2571</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>God’s grace is a central feature of salvation. Without grace, people can’t be saved.  As the Apostle Paul wrote in Ephesians 2: 8-9: “For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; <em>it is</em> the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast.” Because of God’s unmerited favor, we have access to the Father by one Spirit, with Christ as our cornerstone. Therefore, grace is an essential doctrine of the Christian faith.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Bodily Resurrection of Christ</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>9</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>9</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>The Bodily Resurrection of Christ</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
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      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Christ’s resurrection stands at the core of the Christian faith.  Without the resurrection, Christianity is nothing more than moral teachings. It’s as the Apostle Paul declares in I Corinthians 15:14: “If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.”  Hence, the resurrection is a crucial doctrine to defend.  Why?  Without it, Christianity stands or falls, offering no real means of salvation.  Therefore, the resurrection is an essential doctrine of the Christian faith.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Christ’s resurrection stands at the core of the Christian faith.  Without the resurrection, Christianity is nothing more than moral teachings. It’s as the Apostle Paul declares in I Corinthians 15:14: “If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.”  Hence, the resurrection is a crucial doctrine to defend.  Why?  Without it, Christianity stands or falls, offering no real means of salvation.  Therefore, the resurrection is an essential doctrine of the Christian faith.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 14:24:02 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/ba5e2e03/0d0549b2.mp3" length="74701100" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/pVXS4dpFAynUJRQ_tUJ12bcdDxut9k-aG4As3feD7Fs/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS9jNGI3/ZDkxMmU5NTZiZTcz/NGY2NmFmM2I0ZTE0/NWUzOS5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>3110</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Christ’s resurrection stands at the core of the Christian faith.  Without the resurrection, Christianity is nothing more than moral teachings. It’s as the Apostle Paul declares in I Corinthians 15:14: “If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.”  Hence, the resurrection is a crucial doctrine to defend.  Why?  Without it, Christianity stands or falls, offering no real means of salvation.  Therefore, the resurrection is an essential doctrine of the Christian faith.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Christ's Atoning Death</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>8</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>8</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Christ's Atoning Death</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
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      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Christ’s atoning death is the heartbeat of the Christian faith, leading to the resurrection.   As the Apostle Paul states in I Corinthians 15:3: “Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures.”  And it’s because of Christ’s death and resurrection that salvation is made possible for all who believe. This makes the atoning death of Jesus central to the Christian faith.   Because Christ sacrificially atoned for human sin on the cross, Jesus died for the unjust—that’s you and me, enabling God to be the Perfect Sacrifice for salvation.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Christ’s atoning death is the heartbeat of the Christian faith, leading to the resurrection.   As the Apostle Paul states in I Corinthians 15:3: “Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures.”  And it’s because of Christ’s death and resurrection that salvation is made possible for all who believe. This makes the atoning death of Jesus central to the Christian faith.   Because Christ sacrificially atoned for human sin on the cross, Jesus died for the unjust—that’s you and me, enabling God to be the Perfect Sacrifice for salvation.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 14:20:43 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/6d3af845/e9b7c05e.mp3" length="53823087" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/526UplbsP8ArJpugpjheVFEgjAkYj9tNg8ehcMLlrfc/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS8xM2E4/YzBlMWFkYmJmOGNi/ZDlkMDRiOTdmZGZl/ZmJiNC5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2240</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Christ’s atoning death is the heartbeat of the Christian faith, leading to the resurrection.   As the Apostle Paul states in I Corinthians 15:3: “Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures.”  And it’s because of Christ’s death and resurrection that salvation is made possible for all who believe. This makes the atoning death of Jesus central to the Christian faith.   Because Christ sacrificially atoned for human sin on the cross, Jesus died for the unjust—that’s you and me, enabling God to be the Perfect Sacrifice for salvation.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Christ's Sinlessness</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>7</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>7</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Christ's Sinlessness</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
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      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/7</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>If Jesus had two biological parents, then He would have been a sinner like the rest of us.  And unless Jesus was without sin, then we are without a Savior, one who can offer true salvation. Classical Christianity holds that Jesus was completely without sin, following the Apostle Paul’s statement in 2 Corinthians 5:21:  “<strong> </strong>For He made Him who knew no sin <em>to be</em> sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.”</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>If Jesus had two biological parents, then He would have been a sinner like the rest of us.  And unless Jesus was without sin, then we are without a Savior, one who can offer true salvation. Classical Christianity holds that Jesus was completely without sin, following the Apostle Paul’s statement in 2 Corinthians 5:21:  “<strong> </strong>For He made Him who knew no sin <em>to be</em> sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.”</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 14:06:39 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/642bc2a6/9ec5bd6d.mp3" length="64247137" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/mnNt35PhcL8EqBlYEcFgcRFa5ClbfMc_gvcGr9bCGiU/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS8yOGVi/OTkxODY0ZmRkZTU4/OTIzMDY4ZjZjYTA0/M2RlMi5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2675</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>If Jesus had two biological parents, then He would have been a sinner like the rest of us.  And unless Jesus was without sin, then we are without a Savior, one who can offer true salvation. Classical Christianity holds that Jesus was completely without sin, following the Apostle Paul’s statement in 2 Corinthians 5:21:  “<strong> </strong>For He made Him who knew no sin <em>to be</em> sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.”</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Christ's Virgin Birth</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>6</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Christ's Virgin Birth</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
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      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/6</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Throughout history, there’s been challenges to the veracity and accuracy of the virgin conception of Jesus, saying it should not be considered an essential doctrine of the Christian faith. Some question if it if it occurred at all.  But here’s the thing to remember:  if Jesus had two biological parents, he’d be born into sin, and therefore unable to provide a pure sacrifice to redeem the world.  The fact that His perfection is protected through Mary’s genealogy (as described in the Gospel of Luke) is a clue to Jesus’ divine, miraculous conception. </p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Throughout history, there’s been challenges to the veracity and accuracy of the virgin conception of Jesus, saying it should not be considered an essential doctrine of the Christian faith. Some question if it if it occurred at all.  But here’s the thing to remember:  if Jesus had two biological parents, he’d be born into sin, and therefore unable to provide a pure sacrifice to redeem the world.  The fact that His perfection is protected through Mary’s genealogy (as described in the Gospel of Luke) is a clue to Jesus’ divine, miraculous conception. </p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 13:58:02 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/1005809c/babc4b59.mp3" length="26955548" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/fDx2ixEMDrmmTj9-dAHi_i2rV3O3Dr8NeSKW0ZhDXMc/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS8yNzNi/NGY0OTAzMWYxNGVl/MzQ5YmFiNDI5MzNl/M2YxZC5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2690</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Throughout history, there’s been challenges to the veracity and accuracy of the virgin conception of Jesus, saying it should not be considered an essential doctrine of the Christian faith. Some question if it if it occurred at all.  But here’s the thing to remember:  if Jesus had two biological parents, he’d be born into sin, and therefore unable to provide a pure sacrifice to redeem the world.  The fact that His perfection is protected through Mary’s genealogy (as described in the Gospel of Luke) is a clue to Jesus’ divine, miraculous conception. </p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Human Depravity</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>5</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Human Depravity</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">61beac60-98ca-49e4-830c-12babeba7069</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/5</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Because a perfect God can do nothing less than create a perfect world, God created all things perfect. But due to the fall of humanity through a misuse of free will, sin entered the world, wreaking havoc. Since the fall of Adam and Eve, people are born with a sin-nature. Every human being—except Jesus Christ—has been born a sinner. And because of this, Christ’s redemptive mission is to save us from our sin and establish a right relationship with God.  </p><p> </p><p>Why? Because humans are unable to earn our own salvation. Furthermore, if there was no sin, Christ’s mission would not be unnecessary.  Therefore, human depravity is an essential doctrine because it deals with humanity’s need for a Savior.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Because a perfect God can do nothing less than create a perfect world, God created all things perfect. But due to the fall of humanity through a misuse of free will, sin entered the world, wreaking havoc. Since the fall of Adam and Eve, people are born with a sin-nature. Every human being—except Jesus Christ—has been born a sinner. And because of this, Christ’s redemptive mission is to save us from our sin and establish a right relationship with God.  </p><p> </p><p>Why? Because humans are unable to earn our own salvation. Furthermore, if there was no sin, Christ’s mission would not be unnecessary.  Therefore, human depravity is an essential doctrine because it deals with humanity’s need for a Savior.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 13:53:24 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/4398158b/e540a827.mp3" length="63539986" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/zlpqlg4npmidEuyQ9DiESwjANBZ7zuKRJN7kHVbuklk/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS84MzEx/ZWQxZThkNTc3N2Fi/ZWY3MTM1YjdmODVl/MTg0MS5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2645</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Because a perfect God can do nothing less than create a perfect world, God created all things perfect. But due to the fall of humanity through a misuse of free will, sin entered the world, wreaking havoc. Since the fall of Adam and Eve, people are born with a sin-nature. Every human being—except Jesus Christ—has been born a sinner. And because of this, Christ’s redemptive mission is to save us from our sin and establish a right relationship with God.  </p><p> </p><p>Why? Because humans are unable to earn our own salvation. Furthermore, if there was no sin, Christ’s mission would not be unnecessary.  Therefore, human depravity is an essential doctrine because it deals with humanity’s need for a Savior.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Christ's Humanity</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>4</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Christ's Humanity</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">25c78e0e-8837-4d8e-858c-b1ca7401d30a</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/4</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>The nature of Christ—that He is both human and divine—is foundational to a Biblical understanding of the Christina faith. Not only did the Old Testament predict the Messiah would be deity, but Jesus claimed to be the Messiah.  </p><p> </p><p>Furthermore, Jesus’ humanity is a fundamental doctrine for our salvation.  As God, Jesus had direct access to the Father; as man, He could reach to humanity, offering the gift of salvation to all who believe. </p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>The nature of Christ—that He is both human and divine—is foundational to a Biblical understanding of the Christina faith. Not only did the Old Testament predict the Messiah would be deity, but Jesus claimed to be the Messiah.  </p><p> </p><p>Furthermore, Jesus’ humanity is a fundamental doctrine for our salvation.  As God, Jesus had direct access to the Father; as man, He could reach to humanity, offering the gift of salvation to all who believe. </p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 13:48:42 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/8d07daac/d7aec52c.mp3" length="73489219" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/bU5AN9c9jPB3bZrCUs-RGTE7BZqV8E3alAdHZr4o248/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS8zMDk4/NDU2ZjVkZTY2OWE5/ZDJhNjk4ZGY3YTk0/Zjk0MC5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2295</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>The nature of Christ—that He is both human and divine—is foundational to a Biblical understanding of the Christina faith. Not only did the Old Testament predict the Messiah would be deity, but Jesus claimed to be the Messiah.  </p><p> </p><p>Furthermore, Jesus’ humanity is a fundamental doctrine for our salvation.  As God, Jesus had direct access to the Father; as man, He could reach to humanity, offering the gift of salvation to all who believe. </p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Christ's Deity</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>3</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Christ's Deity</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">6a9d178c-bb5a-4fd6-a8a2-3dc9ff06ea06</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/3</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>The nature of Christ—that He is both human and divine—is foundational to a Biblical understanding of the Christina faith. Not only did the Old Testament predict the Messiah would be deity, but Jesus claimed to be the Messiah.  </p><p> </p><p>Furthermore, Jesus’ deity is a fundamental doctrine for our salvation.  As God, Jesus had direct access to the Father; as man, He could reach to humanity, offering the gift of salvation to all who believe.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>The nature of Christ—that He is both human and divine—is foundational to a Biblical understanding of the Christina faith. Not only did the Old Testament predict the Messiah would be deity, but Jesus claimed to be the Messiah.  </p><p> </p><p>Furthermore, Jesus’ deity is a fundamental doctrine for our salvation.  As God, Jesus had direct access to the Father; as man, He could reach to humanity, offering the gift of salvation to all who believe.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 13:41:54 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/0a319b22/352acfc9.mp3" length="77092285" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/tk1fRA68rwN33rRg2eq7zNRzlK774443hjHWUjU53-8/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS8yYzM5/NGNkNjhjZWE1MWIx/ZWE5YjBjNGI4Njll/MWI3NS5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2408</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>The nature of Christ—that He is both human and divine—is foundational to a Biblical understanding of the Christina faith. Not only did the Old Testament predict the Messiah would be deity, but Jesus claimed to be the Messiah.  </p><p> </p><p>Furthermore, Jesus’ deity is a fundamental doctrine for our salvation.  As God, Jesus had direct access to the Father; as man, He could reach to humanity, offering the gift of salvation to all who believe.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>God's Tri-Unity</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>2</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>God's Tri-Unity</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">3878a19a-3b60-435e-b02e-545abb4db9e9</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/2</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Not only is God’s unity essential to a Biblical understanding of the Christian faith, so is His tri-unity.  The Bible teaches that not only is God one, but He is three in one.  Without this foundational teaching, Christianity loses its unique position, falling into various non-Biblical teachings.</p><p> </p><p>Biblical Christianity teaches there are three co-equal and co-eternal Persons, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.   And here’s the thing:  this doctrine is important for our salvation.  Why?  Because the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit play distinctive roles in the salvation process. </p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Not only is God’s unity essential to a Biblical understanding of the Christian faith, so is His tri-unity.  The Bible teaches that not only is God one, but He is three in one.  Without this foundational teaching, Christianity loses its unique position, falling into various non-Biblical teachings.</p><p> </p><p>Biblical Christianity teaches there are three co-equal and co-eternal Persons, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.   And here’s the thing:  this doctrine is important for our salvation.  Why?  Because the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit play distinctive roles in the salvation process. </p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 13:36:51 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/12109443/74684329.mp3" length="84674920" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/WWBXMHza26jJjMdIw9hJLs5kN-H3SSMDbzapazdDC0I/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS9mODc5/MGFhMGNjNDk0MDA2/ZmQyYjcyNjc4OGM5/NWI5Zi5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2645</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Not only is God’s unity essential to a Biblical understanding of the Christian faith, so is His tri-unity.  The Bible teaches that not only is God one, but He is three in one.  Without this foundational teaching, Christianity loses its unique position, falling into various non-Biblical teachings.</p><p> </p><p>Biblical Christianity teaches there are three co-equal and co-eternal Persons, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.   And here’s the thing:  this doctrine is important for our salvation.  Why?  Because the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit play distinctive roles in the salvation process. </p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>God's Unity</title>
      <itunes:season>2</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>2</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>1</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>God's Unity</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">1bef0332-9194-4546-bc6d-c57642986b1c</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s2/1</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>In a pluralistic world there are many views of God, ranging from monotheism, polytheism, dualism—and everything in-between.   So, standing on the Biblical position—that God is absolutely One in His being with no separate parts—is essential.  In other words, a correct view of God’s nature is foundational to our faith, and to move away from a Biblical position is to move outside an orthodox stance.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>In a pluralistic world there are many views of God, ranging from monotheism, polytheism, dualism—and everything in-between.   So, standing on the Biblical position—that God is absolutely One in His being with no separate parts—is essential.  In other words, a correct view of God’s nature is foundational to our faith, and to move away from a Biblical position is to move outside an orthodox stance.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 13:30:34 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/7efd354a/d9068c47.mp3" length="84854658" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/IddM3wVD6UxnMhH0Dx8EOQZjyxRSdp4vxryqPwezDow/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS9lZDZm/OGIyMDY3ZGM3MmQz/NDAwMjY5MDAyMGI3/ZTNjMi5qcGVn.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2650</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>In a pluralistic world there are many views of God, ranging from monotheism, polytheism, dualism—and everything in-between.   So, standing on the Biblical position—that God is absolutely One in His being with no separate parts—is essential.  In other words, a correct view of God’s nature is foundational to our faith, and to move away from a Biblical position is to move outside an orthodox stance.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 14: Wisdom and Contemporary Issues</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>14</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>14</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 14: Wisdom and Contemporary Issues</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">b7209b0b-3a95-4f7a-8011-a59afeb3fc40</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/14</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode, Dr. Holden and Professor Betzner discuss current issues facing Christians. </p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode, Dr. Holden and Professor Betzner discuss current issues facing Christians. </p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2024 07:20:28 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/d88f23b3/e6d0dc4c.mp3" length="60507545" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkmO9lEA5rQ">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>3778</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode, Dr. Holden and Professor Betzner discuss current issues facing Christians. </p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 13: Is the Bible the Word of God?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>13</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>13</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 13: Is the Bible the Word of God?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">47936e6f-c9d7-4063-88d2-ca7e055f069d</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/13</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Holden and Professor Betzner answer the question "Is the Bible the Word of God?"</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Holden and Professor Betzner answer the question "Is the Bible the Word of God?"</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2024 17:34:48 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/38eb780f/1e19e484.mp3" length="41971053" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BoE8DJgkQc">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2620</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Holden and Professor Betzner answer the question "Is the Bible the Word of God?"</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 12: Did Jesus Rise from the Dead?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>12</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>12</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 12: Did Jesus Rise from the Dead?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">2bab089e-648e-4596-9b56-8dde22bb2b69</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/12</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Hosted by Brian Nixon, Dr. Holden and professor Betzner answer the question, "Did Jesus Rise from the dead?"</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Hosted by Brian Nixon, Dr. Holden and professor Betzner answer the question, "Did Jesus Rise from the dead?"</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2024 08:55:55 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/8ac14a50/83a86b9b.mp3" length="49979151" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMFDw2__-10">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>3120</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Hosted by Brian Nixon, Dr. Holden and professor Betzner answer the question, "Did Jesus Rise from the dead?"</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 11: Did Jesus Claim to Be God?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>11</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>11</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 11: Did Jesus Claim to Be God?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">bf5afa1d-6f7f-43b3-ad4b-f528ce18509c</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/11</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode, Dr. Holden and professor Luke Betzner answer the question, "Did Jesus claim to be God?"</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode, Dr. Holden and professor Luke Betzner answer the question, "Did Jesus claim to be God?"</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Feb 2024 09:47:32 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/89ed29cb/773db1fa.mp3" length="37546967" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frmhl3MjUCI">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2343</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode, Dr. Holden and professor Luke Betzner answer the question, "Did Jesus claim to be God?"</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 10: Is the New Testament Reliable?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>10</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>10</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 10: Is the New Testament Reliable?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">7aaf5f90-0eb6-4104-9e4f-d4b8b27215bd</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/10</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Joseph Holden, Professor Luke Betzner and Brian Nixon answer the question, Is the New Testament Reliable?</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Joseph Holden, Professor Luke Betzner and Brian Nixon answer the question, Is the New Testament Reliable?</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jan 2024 07:32:30 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/530e4e02/d2639fe0.mp3" length="53160240" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcRLSRAvMe8">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>3319</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Joseph Holden, Professor Luke Betzner and Brian Nixon answer the question, Is the New Testament Reliable?</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 9: Are Miracles Possible?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>9</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>9</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 9: Are Miracles Possible?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">fa276d90-7eee-4651-b5d2-7ee36a383b22</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/9</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Holden, Luke Betzner answers the question--are miracles possible?</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Holden, Luke Betzner answers the question--are miracles possible?</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jan 2024 12:42:27 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/811c6c13/a78e8295.mp3" length="44006079" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK0qhcJLF3o">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2747</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Dr. Holden, Luke Betzner answers the question--are miracles possible?</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 8: If There is a God, Why is there Evil, Pt. 2?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>8</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>8</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 8: If There is a God, Why is there Evil, Pt. 2?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">aaf7051f-951a-42ca-8624-092d1fff8553</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/8</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 16:46:50 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/12291ef5/7b2eea94.mp3" length="36498743" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jg9RsPLybB8">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:image href="https://img.transistorcdn.com/7wxC7LxV-dIktf5vtwQtaqSqxbfU-aNgedecIc1SU3E/rs:fill:0:0:1/w:1400/h:1400/q:60/mb:500000/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbWct/dXBsb2FkLXByb2R1/Y3Rpb24udHJhbnNp/c3Rvci5mbS9lcGlz/b2RlLzE2MzYxOTYv/MTcwMTk5MjgxMC1h/cnR3b3JrLmpwZw.jpg"/>
      <itunes:duration>2278</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 7: If There is a God, Why Is there Evil, Pt. 1?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>7</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>7</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 7: If There is a God, Why Is there Evil, Pt. 1?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">1db5ac33-f1d1-4997-99c6-24bf184163b7</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/7</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode Joe Holden, Luke Betzner, and Brian Nixon explore evil, defining what it is and where it originated.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode Joe Holden, Luke Betzner, and Brian Nixon explore evil, defining what it is and where it originated.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Nov 2023 15:50:24 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/8a8d644d/2f27aa45.mp3" length="41683106" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmxYCHN4Avo">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2602</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode Joe Holden, Luke Betzner, and Brian Nixon explore evil, defining what it is and where it originated.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 6: Worldviews, Pt. 2.</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>6</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 6: Worldviews, Pt. 2.</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">8feef9a9-26e7-4d36-8224-f57730aa72b1</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/6</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode Dr. Holden, Luke Betzner, and Brian Nixon continue their discussion on worldviews, digging deeper into seven outlooks on life. </p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode Dr. Holden, Luke Betzner, and Brian Nixon continue their discussion on worldviews, digging deeper into seven outlooks on life. </p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Nov 2023 17:23:47 -0700</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/79a01958/efb72452.mp3" length="43208187" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LJIIKFyOhc">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2697</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>On this episode Dr. Holden, Luke Betzner, and Brian Nixon continue their discussion on worldviews, digging deeper into seven outlooks on life. </p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>apologetics, classical christian, worldviews, Christian higher education, Biblical scholarship, Biblical archeology</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 5:  What is a Worldview, Pt. 1?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>5</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 5:  What is a Worldview, Pt. 1?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">0ae5dc94-ac22-4eb6-aeb1-fda005fba98a</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/5</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Have you ever wondered why people do what they do or say what they say? Much of this behavior is a clear indication of the person's worldview i.e. the way they <em>view</em> the world. The majority of these views are largely different from the Christian worldview. Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke give a 'birds-eye' view of these often-mystifying and misunderstood lenses. In this first part of a two-part episode of Paratus, Dr. Holden, Dr. Nixon, and Luke Betzner discuss worldviews, providing an overview of seven prominent perspectives.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Have you ever wondered why people do what they do or say what they say? Much of this behavior is a clear indication of the person's worldview i.e. the way they <em>view</em> the world. The majority of these views are largely different from the Christian worldview. Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke give a 'birds-eye' view of these often-mystifying and misunderstood lenses. In this first part of a two-part episode of Paratus, Dr. Holden, Dr. Nixon, and Luke Betzner discuss worldviews, providing an overview of seven prominent perspectives.</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Nov 2023 17:45:35 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/d65c6227/5badb34e.mp3" length="29311900" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqkVj3xOeTs">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>1828</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Have you ever wondered why people do what they do or say what they say? Much of this behavior is a clear indication of the person's worldview i.e. the way they <em>view</em> the world. The majority of these views are largely different from the Christian worldview. Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke give a 'birds-eye' view of these often-mystifying and misunderstood lenses. In this first part of a two-part episode of Paratus, Dr. Holden, Dr. Nixon, and Luke Betzner discuss worldviews, providing an overview of seven prominent perspectives.</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>#VeritasInternationalUniversity, #Apologetics, #Worldview, #JosephHolden, #BrianNixon, #LukeBetzner, #Hinduism, #Mormonism, #Rationalism, #Atheism, #Deism, #Theism, #Enlightenment, #Pantheism, #Panentheism, #TheisticFinitism, #FiniteGodism, #OpenTheism, #Theology, #Scripture, #TheProblemofEvil, #Theodicy, #BibleAnswers, #VIU, #Podcast, #CollegePodcast, #ChristianCollegePodcast, #NewMexicoPodcast, #IntelectualPodcast #EducationalPodcast, #ChristianWorldviews, #NonChristianWorldviews</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 4: What About Evolution?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>4</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 4: What About Evolution?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">505b74b3-a85b-49d0-ac71-082c94834c51</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/4</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>Are we here by random chance or by the act of a creator? Evolutionists do not really ask 'if' evolution happened, but 'how' which is just another way of assuming it did. But is this about micro- or macro- evolution? Listen in to find out more about this much contested topic. Joe, Brian, and Luke dive right into the heart of the matter. Don't miss this episode! [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon and Luke Betzner ask "What About Evolution?".] <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>Are we here by random chance or by the act of a creator? Evolutionists do not really ask 'if' evolution happened, but 'how' which is just another way of assuming it did. But is this about micro- or macro- evolution? Listen in to find out more about this much contested topic. Joe, Brian, and Luke dive right into the heart of the matter. Don't miss this episode! [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon and Luke Betzner ask "What About Evolution?".] <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 11:31:11 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/6edfe219/aa644f88.mp3" length="45171348" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAKXVECaLF4">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2820</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>Are we here by random chance or by the act of a creator? Evolutionists do not really ask 'if' evolution happened, but 'how' which is just another way of assuming it did. But is this about micro- or macro- evolution? Listen in to find out more about this much contested topic. Joe, Brian, and Luke dive right into the heart of the matter. Don't miss this episode! [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon and Luke Betzner ask "What About Evolution?".] <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>#microevolution #macroevolution #apologetics, #Christianworldview, #ClassicalChristianity, #paleoorthodox, #ThomasAquinas, #paratus, #veritasinternationaluniversity, #viu #darwin #darwinism #OriginofSpecies #Socialdarwinism #Socialism #Plato #TheRepublic #goodandevil #truth #randomchance #cosmicorigins #originoflife #fossils #paleontology #empiricism #evolutionhoaxes #Lucy #piltdown #commonancestory #genetics #intelligentdesign #logicalfallacies #podcast #Christianpodcast #truth</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 3: Does God Exist?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>3</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 3: Does God Exist?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">42cac8fd-3719-4523-8597-1e46ff9fe886</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/3</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>A classic question of Ontology! Does God exist? How do we answer the questions 'where did we come from, why are we here, and where are we going coherently without a proper understanding of this question. Is it possible to live a life consistent with the true values of atheism or agnosticism? Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke discuss the implications of and answers to this question. [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon and Luke Betzner ask "Does God Exist?". ] <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>A classic question of Ontology! Does God exist? How do we answer the questions 'where did we come from, why are we here, and where are we going coherently without a proper understanding of this question. Is it possible to live a life consistent with the true values of atheism or agnosticism? Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke discuss the implications of and answers to this question. [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon and Luke Betzner ask "Does God Exist?". ] <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 11:27:47 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/4a09e837/324b2241.mp3" length="40534496" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ww_2UVITq8">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2530</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>A classic question of Ontology! Does God exist? How do we answer the questions 'where did we come from, why are we here, and where are we going coherently without a proper understanding of this question. Is it possible to live a life consistent with the true values of atheism or agnosticism? Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke discuss the implications of and answers to this question. [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon and Luke Betzner ask "Does God Exist?". ] <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>#apologetics, #Christianworldview, #ClassicalChristianity, #paleoorthodox, #ThomasAquinas, #paratus, #veritasinternationaluniversity, #viu #God #doesGodexist #Godexists #ontology #cosmological #teleological #atheism #agnosticsm #truth #understanding #proofforGod #podcast #Christianpodcast #Bibleanswers #answers #philosophy #Christianphilosophy #theodicy #theproblemofevil #evolution #denial #faith #evidence</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 2: What is Truth?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>2</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 2: What is Truth?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">e21171b0-690a-4445-83d5-e14335dfc0c3</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/2</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>What is truth? Does it go away if you simply deny it? If you say 'there is no truth' is that statement 'true'? Truth is a self-defining absolute. Listen in to Joe, Brian, and Luke to find out more about the unique properties of truth and why you need more of it in your life. [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian C. Nixon, and Luke Betzer ask the question, "What is Truth?"]</p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>What is truth? Does it go away if you simply deny it? If you say 'there is no truth' is that statement 'true'? Truth is a self-defining absolute. Listen in to Joe, Brian, and Luke to find out more about the unique properties of truth and why you need more of it in your life. [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian C. Nixon, and Luke Betzer ask the question, "What is Truth?"]</p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 11:22:39 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/97ba6f55/6452813d.mp3" length="42175402" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOyCSsGKcDE">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Brian C. Nixon</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2632</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>What is truth? Does it go away if you simply deny it? If you say 'there is no truth' is that statement 'true'? Truth is a self-defining absolute. Listen in to Joe, Brian, and Luke to find out more about the unique properties of truth and why you need more of it in your life. [Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian C. Nixon, and Luke Betzer ask the question, "What is Truth?"]</p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>#apologetics, #Christianworldview, #ClassicalChristianity, #paleoorthodox, #ThomasAquinas, #paratus, #veritasinternationaluniversity, #viu #truth #podcast #Christianphilosophy #Philosophy #postmodernism #absolutetruth #morality #moralsystem #truthclaims #whatistruth #relativity #relativism</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Episode 1: What is Apologetics?</title>
      <itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
      <podcast:season>1</podcast:season>
      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
      <podcast:episode>1</podcast:episode>
      <itunes:title>Episode 1: What is Apologetics?</itunes:title>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">2db15cb6-4326-4e43-bb83-3181969eab23</guid>
      <link>https://paratus.transistor.fm/s1/1</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>What is 'Apologetics'? Is it the art of saying 'I'm sorry?' or is it the practice of providing an explanation for something? Welcome to our weekly podcast, <strong><em>Paratus.</em></strong> Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke discuss the art of building relationships through the rational discussion and defense of (an <em>apology </em>for) the Christian faith.</p><p>Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon, and Luke Betzner discuss apologetics. <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </description>
      <content:encoded>
        <![CDATA[<p>What is 'Apologetics'? Is it the art of saying 'I'm sorry?' or is it the practice of providing an explanation for something? Welcome to our weekly podcast, <strong><em>Paratus.</em></strong> Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke discuss the art of building relationships through the rational discussion and defense of (an <em>apology </em>for) the Christian faith.</p><p>Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon, and Luke Betzner discuss apologetics. <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 11:18:43 -0600</pubDate>
      <author>Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian C. Nixon, and Luke Betzner</author>
      <enclosure url="https://media.transistor.fm/fd0dddbf/757ad443.mp3" length="34614115" type="audio/mpeg"/>
      <podcast:contentLink href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdDACL8WH3E">Watch on YouTube</podcast:contentLink>
      <itunes:author>Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian C. Nixon, and Luke Betzner</itunes:author>
      <itunes:duration>2160</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:summary>
        <![CDATA[<p>What is 'Apologetics'? Is it the art of saying 'I'm sorry?' or is it the practice of providing an explanation for something? Welcome to our weekly podcast, <strong><em>Paratus.</em></strong> Listen in as Joe, Brian, and Luke discuss the art of building relationships through the rational discussion and defense of (an <em>apology </em>for) the Christian faith.</p><p>Dr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Brian Nixon, and Luke Betzner discuss apologetics. <a href="https://viu.ves.edu/">https://viu.ves.edu/</a></p>]]>
      </itunes:summary>
      <itunes:keywords>#weeklypodcast #Christianpodcast #collegepodcast #doctrine #worldviews #truth #sounddoctrine #academicdiscussion #youthorientedteaching #whatisapologetics #relationshipbuilding #defendingthefaith #apologetics, #Christianworldview, #ClassicalChristianity, #paleoorthodox, #ThomasAquinas, #paratus, #veritasinternationaluniversity, #viu #JoeHolden #NormanGiesler #collegechat</itunes:keywords>
      <itunes:explicit>No</itunes:explicit>
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